Reading and writing

• The writing process


  1. Preparation

  2. Modeling

  3. Generating ideas

  4. Focusing on topic

  5. Organizing ideas
• Modeling


  Look at different works which are similar in nature with paper you are about to write
• Generating ideas


  1. Brainstorming

  2. Freewriting

  3. Clustering
• Brainstorming


  Process by which you list as many ideas as you can think of without censoring them
• Freewriting


  You let the ideas flow freely by writing them down in sentences
• Clustering


  Also known as mapping, a technique that uses visual representations to show connections between ideas
• Focusing on topic


  Narrow down
• Organizing ideas


  1. I and II (no. of paragraphs, main idea)

  2. A, B, C (major details)

  3. Arabic numbers (supporting details)

  4. Small letters (supplementary details)
• Principles in writing that must be considered when writing

  • Coordination
  • Subordination
  • Division
  • Parallel Construction
• Coordination


  Principle of outlining topics into groups of thoughts in a balanced manner, group similar thoughts together so the audience has an easier time following the thoughts
• Subordination


  In order to indicate levels of significance, an outline uses major and minor headings
• Division


  When dividing use only one basis of division at each rank, and make the basis of division as sharp as possible. Otways need least two parts
• Parallel Construction


  Words or phrases are written in the same form
• Drafting stage


  Focus on the content and organization, not on the grammar and mechanics
• Revising


  Act of improving the original paper by applying changes based on the feedback
• Editing and Proofreading


  Editing focuses on grammar and language use, proofreading focuses on typography and mechanics
• Publishing


  Showcase your output
• Critical reading


  engaging in anabytic acting which involve the reader by asking questions about the text, not meant to criticize but to assess the validey of the textual evidence
• Reasoning


  act of giving statements for justification or explanation
• Hedges


  words or phrases to be able to give a courteous tone
• Evaluating statement


  It is a statement that states one's sound judgement about something through writing which is supported by reasons and evidence
• Assertion


  declarative sentences that give one's belief about something else as if it is true though it may not be
• FACT


  is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience
• CONVENTION


  It's truthfulness can be verified only by reference of historical precedents
• OPINION


  is a statement based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify
• PREFERENCE


  states a personal choice in which the writer is under no obligation to support or prove the truthfulness of the statement
• CLAIM


  is a statement that asserts facts based on one's understanding about a particular topic or issue
• COUNTERCLAIM


  is just the opposite of claim. It is a statement that contradicts one's claim
• REASON


  is the part of an argument where a statement offers an explanation behind a party's claim
• EVIDENCE


  is the statement that proves the truth of a claim and generally leads to the conclusion of an argument
• Textual evidence


  the details given by the author in order to support his/her claims
• Four ways of presenting claims with textual evidence

  • Paraphrasing
  • Summarizing
  • Referencing
  • Quoting
• The writing process

  1. Preparation
  2. Modeling
  3. Generating ideas
  4. Focusing on the topic
  5. Outlining
  6. Drafting
  7. Feedback
  8. Revising
  9. Editing
  10. Publishing