rph_midterms

• History

  The study of the past, derived from the Greek word "historia" which means information or an inquiry designed to elicit truth
• Historians

  Individuals who write about history
• Historiography

  The practice of historical writing
• Elements of history


  • POLITICS
  • ECONOMICS
  • RELIGION
  • SOCIAL
  • INTELLIGENCE
  • ART
• Primary sources


  Those sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied
• Examples of primary sources

  • Archival documents
  • Artifacts
  • Memorabilia, Letters, Census
  • Government Records
  • Autobiographies, Speeches
  • Essays by persons expressing his own view
  • Laws, ordinances, letters of instructions, decrees
  • Eyewitness accounts
  • Editorials
  • Diaries and journals
• Secondary sources


  Those sources which were produced by an author who used primary sources to produce the material
• Examples of secondary sources

  • Textbooks
  • Encyclopedia entries
  • Magazine articles about a topic
  • Teachers' reports on student behavior as reported to school counselors
  • Newspaper account
• Types of historical criticisms


  • External criticism
  • Internal criticism
• External criticism


  Examining the physical characteristics of the source, such as the quality of the paper, type of the ink, language and words used
• Internal criticism


  Examining the content, truthfulness of the evidence, the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which informed it and its intended purpose
• Let us not be parrots who mimics and echoes everything they hear but eagles who are keen, sharp and critical to absorbing "facts"
• Content


  What is inside or included in something, the subjects or topics covered in a book or document
• Context


  The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed, including the writer and reader, giving a deeper understanding of the intent and direction of the writing
• Analysis


  A detailed examination of the elements or structure of something, a method of the examination of evidence in coming to an understanding of the past
• Content analysis


  Determining whether the information provided by the author is logical to provide a logical basis leading to the truth, identifying the author's argument, biases, and claims, and evaluating the author's claim based on the evidence presented
• Contextual analysis


  A method of studying the text and its cultural, social, or political context, including the historical context of the source, the background of the author, and the relevance of the source in the present
• Content and contextual analysis is a method of analyzing the sources of information and assuring that the information inscribed within the source is correct, credible, and logical
• Cruz (2022): 'History is like tsismis. It is filtered and dagdag na rin so hindi natin alam what is the real history. Andoon na yong idea, pero may bias talaga. Aslong as were alive at may kanya-kanyang opinion, I respect everyone's opinion.'
• History


  Evidence-based, important for the future, studied thoroughly
• Tsismis


  Information that doesn't have benefit based on what people hear or see in their surroundings, not published in books
• If a tsismis is verified and fact-checked then it is no longer a tsismis but a fact. A piece of gossip is gossip because you cannot confirm it. If it is confirmed, that is not tsismis anymore.
• It is an ignorant claim and an utter disrespect to compare a historian and scholar to a marites. Historians gather evidence, validate the true story of the historical events and analyze their implications.
• History is not just a mere story, it has a methodology, asks questions, investigates and compares.
• Who killed Magellan?
• Antonio Pigafetta


  An Italian nobleman who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in his circumnavigation of the world, his travelogue is one of the most important primary sources in the study of the precolonial Philippines
• Pigafetta's account


  • Observations and assessments of the indigenous attires and cultures through European standards, emphasized on native's amazement and illiteracy on European artillery, merchandise and other goods
• His perspective is too narrow on our people being naked and wearing fewer clothes as well as our materials used in our houses like palm and bamboo considering how it is only appropriate on a tropical climate.
• The representation of the Filipinos and their culture, the source always provided Magellan with positive descriptions or remarks such as "mighty," "heroic," and "wise", and exaggerated the number of Lapulapu's men in order to make the Spaniards appear heroic in the eyes of the European audience.
• Age of Exploration


  3Gs - God (to spread Catholicism to non-Christians), Gold (to look for new sources of Gold), Glory (for the fame and honor for both themselves and their countries)
• Background of Pigafetta


  • One of the most cited documents by historians, needs to have a more nuanced reading of the source within a contextual backdrop, he was a chronicler commissioned by the King of Spain to accompany and document, he was a noble descent and thus implicitly and explicitly remarked indigenous belief systems and way of life as inferior
• The Magellan Route was the first that charted a global map of our world. For the first time the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans were navigated sequentially, thus allowing humanity to perceive the huge richness and diversity (geographical, cultural, anthropological).
• There already was our ancestors (Negritos, Malays and Indones) who first inhibited our islands.
• Christianity was first introduced by Europeans and the first Christian Mass (Limasawa) was also held even before the Spaniards conquered the Philippines.
• Magellan was killed by the natives and was pierced with a poisoned arrow in his right leg.
• Magellan made it known that it was possible to sail around the world. He also contributed to geographical knowledge and has proven that the earth is round.
• The expedition was significant as it paved the way for a bridge to be created between the Philippines and Western Civilizations.
• History has to be objective, but it also has a subjective side.
• Ferdinand Magellan


  Born in 1480 at Sabrosa, Portugal, from a family of minor Portuguese nobility, planned to discover the east through the west route but was not granted by King Manuel Of Portugal, planned the idea to King Charles I of Spain who approved the expedition
• On March 16, 1521, Magellan's expedition saw Homonhon Island, Samar, marking the European discovery of the International Date Line.