Thermal

• Temperature of a substance

  
  

   proportional to the average kinetic energy of particles in the substance
• Temperature increases


  as energy is added
• Temperature decreases

  as energy is removed
• How is Temp.. measured in monoatomic gas

  
  

  by the translational kinetic energy of the atoms.
• Define temp...

  a measure of the average kinetic energy
• Energies associated with atomic motion

  Internal Energy
• Internal Energy

  proportional to temperature
• Define Internal Energy

  The energy of a substance due to both the random motions of its particles and to the potential energy
• Ideal Gas

  Internal energy depends only on the temperature of the gas
• Non Ideal Gases

  Other properties contribute to the internal energy.
• Thermal Equilibrium

  Two bodies in physical contact with each other have identical temperatures
• Thermal Equilibrium

  basis for measuring temperature with thermometers.
• Thermal Expansion

  Increasing the temperature of a gas causes the volume of the gas to increase.
• Matter

  Matter expands as temperature increases.
• Coeffecint of Volume Expansion

  Thermal expansion characteristics of a material are indicated by the coefficient of volume expansion
• Different Rates

  Gases have the largest values for coefficient of volume expansion, liquids have much smaller values, solids have the smallest
• Thermal Equilibrium

  Any objects in thermal equilibrium lie between their initial temperatures.
• To use Thermometer

  It must make use of a change in some physical property that corresponds to changing temperature, such as the volume of a gas or liquid or the pressure of a gas at constant volume
• 1st Reference Point

  Thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with a mixture of water and ice at one atmosphere of pressure. This temperature is called the ice point or melting point of water and is 0°C.
• 2nd Reference Point

  Thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with a mixture of steam and water at one atmosphere of pressure. This temperature is called the steam point or boiling point of water and is defined as 100°C
• Temperature Scale


  Dividing the distance between the reference marks into equally spaced units called degrees
• Fahrenheit to Celsius

  (°F − 32) × 5/9 =
• Celsius to Fahrenheit

  (°C × 9/5) + 32 = °F
• 32

  Indicates the difference between the ice-point value in each scale. The point of water freeze is 0.0 degrees on the Celsius scale and 32.0 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale.
• Scales

  Celsius and Fahrenheit can have Positive - Negative or Zero values
• Kelvin to Celsius

  K − 273.15 = °C
• Celsius to Kelvin

  °C + 273.15 = K
• Difference of Zero Point

  Thus,

  
• Differences

  L