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• Critical reading


  Engaging in analytic activity which involves the reader by asking questions about the text and the author's claim
• Reasoning


  The act of giving statements for justification and explanation. The ability to defend something by giving out reasons
• What makes critical reading a form of reasoning
• Steps used in critical reading as reasoning

  1. Identifying assertions

  2. Formulating a counterclaim

  3. Determining evidence
• Assertion


  A statement that can be classified as fact, convention, opinion or preference
• Counterclaim


  A contrasting perspective to the main argument, made to rebut a previous claim
• Steps to formulate a counterclaim

  1. Identify major points of disagreement with the author

  2. Determine the author's strongest argument and how they defend their position

  3. Identify weaknesses or shortcomings in the author's argument

  4. Identify any hidden assumptions

  5. Find text that best supports the counterclaim
• Hedges


  Words or phrases that give a courteous tone when expressing unfavourable statements in a counterclaim
• Forms of hedges


  • Modals (may, would, could, should, might, must, etc.)
  • Frequency adverbs (usually, generally, commonly, etc.)
  • Probability adverbs (probably, possibly, presumably)
• Using hedges


  • The common cold must be caused by a virus
  • The common cold is certain to be caused by a virus
• Hypertext


  (in semiotics) a text which alludes to, derives from, or relates to an earlier work or hypotext
• Hypertexts


  • James Joyce's Ulysses (derived from Homer's Odyssey)
  • Angela Carter's "The Tiger's Bride" (relates to the fairy-story Beauty and the Beast)
• Hypertexts


  • May take a variety of forms including imitation, parody, and pastiche
• Semiotics


  Systematic study of sign processes (semiosis) and meaning making
• Hypotext


  An earlier text which serves as the source of a subsequent piece of literature
• Parody


  Creative work designed to imitate, comment on, and/or mock its subject by means of satiric or ironic imitation
• Pastiche


  Work of visual art, literature, theatre, music, or architecture that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists
• Hypertext


  A non-linear way to present information, usually accomplished using links
• Hypertext


  • Helps readers navigate further information about the topic, allows readers to create their own meaning, and learn better associatively
• Hypertext


  Text displayed on a computer or electronic device with references to other text that the reader can immediately access
• Hyperlinks


  Links that are typically activated by a mouse click, keypress, or touching the screen
• World Wide Web (www)


  A global hypertext system of information residing on servers linked across the internet
• Hypertext


  Allows readers to access information particularly suited to their needs
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)


  A reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it
• URLs


  • http, ftp, mailto, JDBC
• Hypermedia


  Links that incorporate other forms of multimedia such as images, audio, and videos
• Hypertext is a different way of presenting information than the usual linear form
• Hypertext breaks down text into many smaller units (lexias) each addressing a few issues
• Hypertext acts as a bridge between free and shortcut knowledge representation
• Intertext or intertextuality is a process of text development that merges imitation and creation
• Intertextuality


  Involves imitation where the author is highly influenced by another author and incorporates their style and characteristics
• Intertextuality


  First used by Julia Kristeva in the 1960s, rooted in the work of Ferdinand de Saussure
• Methods of intertextuality


  • Retelling
  • Pastiche
  • Quotation
  • Allusion