condensed

• Eukaryotes


  Organisms with genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
• Eukaryotes


  • Have genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
  • Have cytoplasm
  • Have a cell membrane
• Prokaryotes


  • Lack a nucleus
  • Have genetic material in a single loop and plasmids
  • May have a cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm
• Sperm cells


  • Have half the genetic information
  • Have a long tail
  • Have mitochondria
  • Have enzymes
• Nerve cells


  • Transmit impulses with long axons
  • Have myelin insulation
  • Have dendrites for connectivity
• Muscle cells


  • Contract
  • Contain protein fibers
  • Have mitochondria for energy production
• Root hair cells


  • Increase surface area
  • Lack chloroplasts
• Xylem cells


  • Have thick walls with lignin
  • Have no internal structures
  • Are for water transport
• Phloem cells


  • Contain vessel cells
  • Have sieve plates for sugar movement
  • Have companion cells for energy supply
• Bacterial Division


  Bacteria multiply via binary fission every 20 minutes
• Stem cells


  Undifferentiated cells found in bone marrow or embryos
• Stem cells


  • Useful in leukemia treatment by forming new bone marrow and blood cells
• Stem Cells in Leukemia Treatment

  1. Destroy existing bone marrow with radiation

  2. Transplant donor bone marrow for new cell formation
• Therapeutic cloning


  Creates embryos with patient genes for immune system-friendly transplants
• Some objections exist to embryonic stem cells due to ethical concerns
• Upper and lower epidermis


  • Protect the leaf
• Stomata


  • Allow gas exchange
• Guard cells


  • Regulate stomata opening
• Palisade mesophyll


  • Contains chloroplast-packed cells
• Spongy mesophyll


  • Aids in gas diffusion
• Xylem


  • Transports water
• Phloem


  • Transports sugars
• Meristem


  • Contains stem cells for growth
• Transpiration


  1. Constant evaporation of water from leaves

  2. Replaced from roots

  3. Cools the leaf

  4. Aids in mineral transport
• Pathogens


  Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi that cause communicable diseases
• Digestive enzymes


  Catalyze reactions, break down proteins, starch, and lipids into simpler forms
• Cardiovascular diseases


  • Involve fatty deposits in coronary arteries
  • Treated with statins and stents
  • Faulty heart valves can be replaced with mechanical or animal valves
• Cancer


  • Mitosis regulation prevents tumor growth
  • Genetic and environmental factors can lead to cancer development