condensed

Cards (28)

  • Eukaryotes

    Organisms with genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
  • Eukaryotes

    • Have genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
    • Have cytoplasm
    • Have a cell membrane
  • Prokaryotes

    • Lack a nucleus
    • Have genetic material in a single loop and plasmids
    • May have a cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm
  • Sperm cells

    • Have half the genetic information
    • Have a long tail
    • Have mitochondria
    • Have enzymes
  • Nerve cells

    • Transmit impulses with long axons
    • Have myelin insulation
    • Have dendrites for connectivity
  • Muscle cells

    • Contract
    • Contain protein fibers
    • Have mitochondria for energy production
  • Root hair cells

    • Increase surface area
    • Lack chloroplasts
  • Xylem cells

    • Have thick walls with lignin
    • Have no internal structures
    • Are for water transport
  • Phloem cells

    • Contain vessel cells
    • Have sieve plates for sugar movement
    • Have companion cells for energy supply
  • Bacterial Division

    Bacteria multiply via binary fission every 20 minutes
  • Stem cells

    Undifferentiated cells found in bone marrow or embryos
  • Stem cells

    • Useful in leukemia treatment by forming new bone marrow and blood cells
  • Stem Cells in Leukemia Treatment
    1. Destroy existing bone marrow with radiation
    2. Transplant donor bone marrow for new cell formation
  • Therapeutic cloning

    Creates embryos with patient genes for immune system-friendly transplants
  • Some objections exist to embryonic stem cells due to ethical concerns
  • Upper and lower epidermis

    • Protect the leaf
  • Stomata

    • Allow gas exchange
  • Guard cells

    • Regulate stomata opening
  • Palisade mesophyll

    • Contains chloroplast-packed cells
  • Spongy mesophyll

    • Aids in gas diffusion
  • Xylem

    • Transports water
  • Phloem

    • Transports sugars
  • Meristem

    • Contains stem cells for growth
  • Transpiration

    1. Constant evaporation of water from leaves
    2. Replaced from roots
    3. Cools the leaf
    4. Aids in mineral transport
  • Pathogens

    Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi that cause communicable diseases
  • Digestive enzymes

    Catalyze reactions, break down proteins, starch, and lipids into simpler forms
  • Cardiovascular diseases

    • Involve fatty deposits in coronary arteries
    • Treated with statins and stents
    • Faulty heart valves can be replaced with mechanical or animal valves
  • Cancer

    • Mitosis regulation prevents tumor growth
    • Genetic and environmental factors can lead to cancer development