Lesson 1 - Indigenous People

• What is the Mindanao-Celebes Land Bridge?

  A land bridge connecting Mindanao and Celebes
• Who proposed the volcanic eruption theory for island formation?

  Bailey Willis
• How were the islands formed according to the volcanic eruption theory?

  Through magma and lava buildup from eruptions
• What is one aspect of mythology mentioned in the study material?

  Deities
• What is the definition of colonialism?

  Domination by a foreign power
• What happens to indigenous people under colonialism?

  They often become minorities with limited jobs
• What benefits the ruling class in a colonial context?

  Access to natural resources
• What is a form of internal oppression mentioned in the study material?

  Dominant-subordinate group dynamics
• Who are the Aeta/Agta/Ita?


  Original Black race of the Philippines
• Where do the Aeta/Agta/Ita primarily inhabit?


  Remote and mountainous regions of Luzon
• What significant migration event occurred 30,000 years ago?

  Negritos arrived via land bridges
• Who proposed the Wave Migration Theory?

  Henry Otley Beyer
• What does the Wave Migration Theory suggest about the Philippines?


  It outlines the migration of various groups
• What significant discovery was made in Tabon Cave, Palawan?

  Fossils indicating human origin
• Why is the Philippines considered the cradle of mankind?


  Due to traces of human origin found
• What does the Pangea Theory claim about the Philippines?


  It was once part of mainland Asia
• What does the Land Bridges Theory suggest?


  Ancient land bridges connected the Philippines
• What are the definitions of indigenous people according to various sources?

  • Merriam-Webster: Native, born locally
  • United Nations: Descendants of original inhabitants
  • WGIP: Descendants of groups present before others
  • ILO: Tribal peoples distinct from national community
  • NCIP: Over 12 million descendants resisting colonization
• What are the key aspects of colonialism as discussed in the material?


  • Political, social, economic, and cultural domination
  • Control without full incorporation into the dominant nation
  • Indigenous people become minorities with limited jobs
  • Ruling class benefits from natural resources
• What are the stages of migration according to the Wave Migration Theory?

  1. 250,000 years ago: "Dawn Man" present
  2. 30,000 years ago: Negritos arrive
  3. 6,000 years ago: Indonesian seafaring immigrants
  4. 3,000 years ago: Civilized Malays bring Iron Age culture
• What are the implications of the discoveries in Tabon Cave?


  • Systematic investigation of human species
  • Traces of human origin in East and Southeast Asia
  • Partial insights into Philippine peopling
• What are the characteristics of indigenous people as defined by the ILO?

  • Socially, culturally, and economically distinct
  • Governed by their own customs and traditions
  • Descended from populations present at conquest or colonization
• What are the main theories about the origins of the Philippines?

  • Pangea Theory: Part of mainland Asia
  • Land Bridges Theory: Connected to nearby lands