Hazards

• When was the Mount Pinatubo eruption?

  1991
• What are the place characteristics of Mount Pinatubo?

  the Philippines, SE Asia

  on Luzon island - 50 miles from capital (Manila)

  NEE

  population density is 340 people per km squared
• What is the nature of the Mount Pinatubo eruption?

  hadn't erupted since 1380

  VEI 6

  Plinian eruption

  on a destructive plate margin
• What were the social impacts of the Mount Pinatubo eruption?

  6 killed as a direct result

  200,000 homes collapsed as a result of the ash

  20,000 Beta highlanders displaced

  70 suffocated by lahars

  600 killed by disease

  contaminated water
• What were the economic impacts of the Mount Pinatubo eruption?

  roads and bridges destroyed

  factories and hospital collapsed with ash

  rice paddies and sugar cane fields buried by ash

  power supplies cut off for 3 weeks
• What were the environmental impacts of the Mount Pinatubo eruption?

  over 1 million animals died from starvation

  20 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide ejected

  global temps. dropped by 0.5 degrees

  river systems changed

  sky went dark
• What were the responses to the Mount Pinatubo eruption?


  people fled

  Americans at Clark air base monitored the volcano and gave warning and successful evacuation

  $200,000 from UNICEF

  some of Aeta tribe did not return
• Why was the Philippines vulnerable to the Mount Pinatubo eruption?

  deforestation caused sloped to be vulnerable to lahars

  Typhoon Yunga produced heavy rain which combined with ash

  wasn't perceived as a danger

  disease spread in camps
• When was the Eyjafjallajokull eruption?

  2010
• What was the nature of the Eyjafjallajokull eruption?

  Strombolian eruption

  VEI 4

  hadn't erupted in 190 years

  constructive plate margin
• What were the social impacts of the Eyjafjallajokull eruption?

  no deaths

  107,000 flights cancelled across Europe

  visibility reduced by 2m
• What were the economic impacts of the Eyjafjallajokull eruption?

  $7.5 million cost to Iceland

  $4.7 billion cost to global economy

  313 airports forced to close

  £70 million cost to UK tourism
• What were the environmental impacts of the Eyjafjallajokull eruption?

  ash contaminated water supplies

  2.8 million tonnes less carbon emitted due to reduced air traffic
• What were the factors which made the Eyjafjallajokull eruption worse?

  beneath fast-flowing polar jet stream

  explosive and viscous lava

  glaciers melted
• What were the responses to the Eyjafjallajokull eruption?

  800 evacuated

  80 seismometers and 120 GPS monitored and sent text warnings

  protective walls built around highway 1 to prevent flooding

  assistance and compensation available for losses
• When was the Haiti earthquake?

  12th January 2010
• What was the Haiti earthquake on the Richter scale?

  7
• What type of plate boundary was the Haiti earthquake from?

  conservative
• What were the distances of the focus and the epicentre for the Haiti earthquake?

  13km focus

  15km epicentre from port-au-prince
• How many aftershocks were there from the Haiti earthquake?

  52
• What were the primary social effects of the Haiti earthquake?

  230,000 died

  2.3 million homeless

  4,000 schools damaged

  political leaders killed
• What were the primary economic impacts of the Haiti earthquake?

  $8 billion damage cost

  70% buildings destroyed

  180,000 homes collapsed

  communications severely damaged
• What were the primary environmental impacts of the Haiti earthquake?

  land moved by 1.8m due to lateral spreading
• What were the secondary social impacts of the Haiti earthquake?

  6,900 died from cholera in camps

  4,000 prisoners escaped

  1.6 million were still in temporary camps by July

  small tsunami killed 7

  anti-UN riots due to outbreak of cholera
• What were the secondary economic impacts of the Haiti earthquake?

  205 jobs disappeared

  19 million m cubed of rubble
• What were the secondary environmental impacts of the Haiti earthquake?

  farmland subsided into the ocean

  coral reefs pushed to the surface
• What were the short term responses to the Haiti earthquake?


  locals employed to pull survivors from rubble

  1,500 camps set up

  Dominican Republic sent supplies

  Iceland send emergency response team in 24 hours

  16,000 UN troops restored law and order
• What were the long term responses to the Haiti earthquake?


  World Bank cancelled half of Haiti's debt

  life safe building codes

  cash for work programmes

  community development projects
• What was the vulnerability of Haiti?

  shallow focus

  aftershocks

  densely populated

  70% live on <$2 per day

  port destroyed - limited access
• When was the Christchurch earthquake?

  22nd February 2011
• What was the Christchurch earthquake on the Richter scale?

  6.3
• What was the distance of the focus and the epicentre of the Christchurch earthquake?

  5km focus

  10km epicentre from Christchurch
• What plate margin was the Christchurch earthquake on?

  conservative
• What were the primary social impacts of the Christchurch earthquake?

  185 killed

  7,000 injured

  2,000 homeless
• What were the primary economic impacts of the Christchurch earthquake?

  $13 billion cost

  1,000 buildings collapsed

  Canterbury TV station collapsed

  80% water and sewage systems destroyed by liquefaction
• What were the primary environmental impacts of the Christchurch earthquake?

  ice was dislodged from the Tasman glacier and fell into Lake Tasman
• What were the secondary economic impacts of the Christchurch earthquake?

  >70% of buildings were or had to be demolished

  cathedral spire was brought down

  unemployment rose 6 months later
• What were the secondary environmental impacts of the Christchurch earthquake?

  3m high tsunami from Tasman lake

  soil liquefaction caused flooding
• What were the short term responses to the Christchurch earthquake?

  full emergency plan in action within 2 hours

  national state of emergency issued for 5 days

  rescue teams from around the world
• What were the long term responses to the Christchurch earthquake?

  people moved to other parts of New Zealand

  Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority was set up to oversee reconstruction

  city divided into red, orange, green and white zones to assess the best areas for future developments