1ST LAB EXAM

• scientific name of this specimen

  Brachiostoma lanceolatum

  
• what subphyllum is amphioxus under

  Cephalochordata
• what are the 3 chordates

  urochordata

  vertebrata

  cephalochordata
• main chordate characteristics

  notochord

  dorsal tubular nerve cord

  endostyle

  pharyngeal slits

  post-anal tail
• enlargement of the oral end

  Brachiostoma lanceolatum

  A) Hatschek's pit

  B) wheel organ

  C) velum

  D) ocellus

  E) oral hood

  F) buccal cirri

  G) pharynx

  H) pharyngeal slits

  I) pharyngeal bars

  J) myomere

  K) myoseptum

  L) notochord

  M) rostrum

  N) dorsal tubular nerve cord

  
• amphioxus whole mount

  labelling

  A) hatschek's pit

  B) wheel organ

  C) velum

  D) oral hood

  E) buccal cirri

  F) notochord

  G) dorsal tubular nerve cord

  H) endostyle

  I) pharyngeal slits

  J) anus

  K) post-anal tail

  L) intestine

  M) iliocolon ring

  N) midgut caecum

  
• AMPHIOXUS CROSS SECTION

  UWU

  A) myomeres

  B) ovary

  C) metapleural folds

  D) dorsal fin

  E) dorsal tubular nerve cord

  F) notochord

  G) pharyngeal bars

  H) pharyngeal slits

  I) pharynx

  J) caecum

  K) endostyle

  L) metapleural folds

  M) testis

  N) myosepta

  
• it is the formation of germ layer

  GASTRULATION
• 1. what development is this?

  early cleavage

  A) blastocoel

  
• macromeres are common in vegetal poles

  micromeres are common in animal poles


  uwu

  A) blastocoel

  B) macromeres

  C) micromeres

  
• what development is this ?

  what is being formed in it?

  what are those 3, then?

  gastrulation

  germ layers

  mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm

  A) blastocoel

  B) ventral lip of blastopore

  C) blastopore

  D) yolk plug

  E) blastopore

  F) dorsal lip of blastopore

  G) archenteron

  
• what development is this?

  neurulation

  A) notochord

  B) neural fold

  C) neural groove

  D) mesoderm

  E) mesoderm

  F) endoderm

  G) ectoderm

  
• what development is this

  neurulation

  A) notochord

  B) archenteron

  C) somite

  D) neural tube

  
• this is a frog skin section.

  chromatophores are pigment cells in amphibians

  A) blood vessel

  B) poison gland

  C) chromatophores

  D) mucus glands

  E) epidermis

  F) dermis

  
• this is a human scalp.

  A) dermis

  B) hair follicels

  C) hypodermis

  D) sweat gland

  E) sebaceous gland

  F) stratum corneum

  G) stratum basale

  
• anatomical plane of reference

  A) frontal plane

  B) sagittal plane

  C) transverse plane

  
• If an animal or organ is sliced lengthwise this section is called a longitudinal or sagittal section. This is sometimes abbreviated to LS.
• If the section is sliced crosswise it is called a transverse or cross section. This is sometimes abbreviated to TS or XS.
• what directional term?

  the right ear

  right
• what directional term?

  the left ear

  left
• divided along any plane, through central axis, into roughly equal halves, these animals are starfish or hydras

  radial symmetry
• can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves, these animals can use the anatomical terms such as posterior, ventral, etc.

  bilateral
• irregularly shaped body, these animals are sessile

  asymmetrical
• The animal must be lying on its back and facing upward (supine) with arms out on side.
• these are morphological or molecular features that are mostly genetically determined and are heritable

  characters
• the ancestral state of character, is the original or primitive condition

  plesiomorphy
• shared ancestral condition

  symplesiomorphy
• later or descent state

  apomorphy
• shared changed condition

  synapomorphy
• the unique characteristics of a lineage

  autapomorphy
• features having common ancestry/origin

  homology
• features similar in function

  analogy
• features simply looks alike but is not necessary of same ancestry

  homoplasy
• a group of closely related species

  ingroup
• related to the ingroup but not part of the assortment/taxon

  outgroup
• first outgroup

  sister group
• common ancestor not all of the ancestors/descendants

  paraphyletic
• does not include the common ancestor

  polyphyletic
• common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

  monophyletic
• includes all extant and extinct

  crown group