respiration unit

• Breathing machine of vertebrates and invertebrates

  • Vertebrates
  • Invertebrates
• Vertebrates


  • Fish→guilds
  • Amphibians→guilds when young then Lungs and skin
  • Reptiles→Lungs
  • Birds→Lungs
  • Mammals→Lungs
• Invertebrates


  • Earthworm→through skin
  • Sea slug→secondary guilds and skin
  • Grasshopper→spiracles and air sac
• Parts of respiratory system

  • Nasal passage
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchioles tube
  • Lung
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Diaphragm
• Gas exchange


  Take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from our body
• Oxygen


  Used for aerobic cellular respiration
• Carbon dioxide


  Waste product of cellular respiration
• Diffusion


  Movement of gasses or dissolved substances from a high to low concentration
• Process of oxygen getting from lungs into the cells

  1. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs

  2. Oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the bloodstream

  3. Oxygen is carried by red blood cells (RBC), on an iron-containing molecule called hemoglobin

  4. Oxygen diffuses from the RBCs into the cells to perform cellular respiration
• Process of carbon dioxide getting from the cells into the lungs

  1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) diffuses out of the cells, into the bloodstream

  2. Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs through diffusion

  3. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs

  4. Carbon dioxide is exhaled out of the body by the lungs
• How are the lungs adapted for Gas Exchange?

  • Large surface area with many alveoli (small air sacs)
  • Thin walls, one cell thick
  • Moist
  • Good blood flow
• Asthma


  Affects the bronchioles (small tubes that carry air in and out of the lung)
• During an Asthma attack

  1. The lining of the airways becomes inflamed

  2. Fluid builds up in the airways

  3. The muscles around the bronchioles contract, which constricts the airways
• Asthma relievers


  • Drugs that relax and open up the airways, making it easier to breathe
  • Often administered using an inhaler
• Two main types of triggers

  • Irritants
  • Allergens
• Triggers of Irritants


  • Smoke
  • Air pollution
  • Extreme hot or cold weather
  • Strong odors
• Triggers of Allergens


  • Animals with fur and feathers
  • Mold
  • Pollen
  • Rodents and cockroaches
• Diaphragm


  • Tissue that diaphragm is made out of is muscle
  • The job of diaphragm is to help the lungs to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide (by changing the chest cavity?)
• How the diaphragm works

  1. Inhale: Diaphragm lowers and the space in the chest cavity increases allowing oxygen into the lungs

  2. Exhale: Diaphragm rises and the space in the chest cavity decreases, pushing carbon dioxide out from lungs
• Cellular Respiration


  Process of converting glucose chemical energy into a form usable by cells
• Cell activities that require energy

  • Movement
  • Reproduction/repair of damaged cells
  • Synthesis of materials
  • Growth
  • Breaking down materials (Digestion)
  • Absorption of food into body
  • Keeping body temperature (37oC in humans)
• Energy


  • Exists in many forms and can only be transformed from one form to another
  • Energy that is in food is chemical energy
  • Cells need chemical energy that is stored in the bonds of molecules such as glucose
• Glucose


  Cannot be used directly by the cells, energy must be further extracted through cellular respiration
• Heterotrophs


  Cannot make our own glucose
• Autotrophs


  Can make glucose from the sun's light energy and they do not need to eat food
• Aerobic Cellular respiration

  Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + a lot of energy
• Types of cellular respiration

  • Aerobic respiration
  • Anaerobic respiration
• Aerobic respiration


  • Involves the complete breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen
  • Produces a lot of energy for cells
• Anaerobic respiration


  • Occurs when there is not enough oxygen present
  • Glucose → lactic acid + a little energy
  • Also called lactic acid fermentation and is used to make yogurt
  • Glucose → Alcohol(ethanol) + carbon dioxide + a little energy, also called alcohol fermentation and used in brewing and baking
• Most of the chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria
• Limewater is an indicator solution that shows the presence of carbon dioxide
• Photosynthesis


  Process where carbon dioxide and water combine with sunlight to create oxygen and glucose
• Chloroplasts


  • Organelle found in the leaves of green plants
  • Main functions are to produce food (glucose) during photosynthesis, and to store food energy as starch
• Chlorophyll


  Pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs most colors in the spectrum and reflects green and yellow
• Starch


  • Formed when many glucoses are connected together
  • Plant will use starch if there is not enough sunlight for photosynthesis
• Glucose


  • Another name for sugar
  • Plants make glucose by using the energy from sunlight to transform CO2 from the air with water from the ground
• Photosynthesis


  1. Carbon dioxide + water → oxygen + glucose

  2. Reactants are CO2, water and sunlight

  3. Products are glucose and oxygen
• Photosynthesis


  • Essential for all life on Earth, provides food and oxygen
  • Plants are autotrophs that can make their own food using this process
• Things that affect photosynthesis

  • Light
  • Water
  • Temperature
  • Carbon dioxide levels