Chapter 8

• Leadership is a very important if not the most important factor in a success of organizations this has been pointed out time again throughout history by years like Abraham Lincoln, julius caesar, napoleon bonaparte, oliver cromwell , and many others
• Leadership may be defined as the process of guiding and directing the behavior of people in the organization to achieve certain objectives
• Leadership Spells the difference between success and failure
• Leadership is that element that convinces members of an organization to behave in such a manner that will facilitate the accomplishment of the goals of the organization
• Leading is one of the functions of management
• Managers are rational problem solvers while leaders are intuitive more visionary
• Managers perform other administrative functions such as planning organizing decision making and communicating
• Leaders are primary concerned with results managers are concerned with the efficiency of results
• Leaders obtain their power from below manages obtained theirs from above
• Two kinds of leadership:

  • formal leadership
  • informal leadership
• FORMAL LEADERSHIP REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF INFLUENCING OTHERS TO PURSUE OFFICIAL OBJECTIVES
• Formal leaders are vested with formal authority in such they generally have a measure of legitimate power they rely on expedient combination of reward cursive reference and expert power
• Informal leadership refers to the process of influencing others to pursue an official objectives
• Formal leadership refers to the process of influencing others to pursue official objectives
• Informal leaders lack formal authority. Like formal leaders, they rely on expedient combination of reward, coercive, referent, and expert power
• When informal leaders are not satisfied they become liabilities
• Power and the leader:

  • position power
  • personal power
• Is it true that the main concern of a leader is to influence people to behave as he wants them to? True
• Position power is that power derived as a consequence of the leader's position
• Three types of position power

  • legitimate power
  • reward power
  • coercive power
• Legitimate power also referred to as authority
• Legitimate power this power emanates from a person's position in the organization a manager for instance is given the right by the organization to influence or command certain individuals
• Reward power this power emanates from one's ability to grant reward to those who comply with a command or request
• Reward power the leaders capacity to provide promotions money praise and other reward influences a behavior of subordinates
• Coercive power is power arises from the expectation of subordinates that they will be punished if they do not conform to the wishes of the leader
• Coercive power uses fear as i motivator
• Coercive power is reduced by the presence of unions and organizational policies on employee treatment
• Two types of personal power

  • expert power
  • referent power
• Expert power possess and can dispense valued information generally exercise expert power over those in need of such information like doctors
• Expert power of the leader depends on his education training and experience
• Referent power this power refers to the ability of leader to develop followers from the strength of their own personalities
• Theories about leadership:

  • trait theories
  • behavioral theories
  • contingency theories
• Three theories of leadership consider leaders to possess common traits
• Trait theory is where what good leaders having common like the following:

  • extraversion
  • conscientiousness
  • openness
  • emotional intelligence
• Extraversion individuals who like being around people and are able to assert themselves
• Conscientiousness individuals who are disciplined and keep commitments that they make
• Openness individuals who are creative and flexible
• Emotional intelligence individuals were able to understand and manage their personal feelings and emotions as well as their emotions towards other individuals events and objects
• A single statement that describes what trait theory is assume as leaders are born than made
• Behavioral theories these theories proposed that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from non-leaders