POPHEALTH

• Availability

  Volume + types of service/resources -- clients volume and types of needs
• Accomodation

  Resources are organised - expectations of clients (managed)
• Acceptability

  Clients + providers attitudes - appropriate care
• Accessibility 


  Location of supply and clients - client transport, resources, travel time, distance and cost
• Affordability 


  providers services - client ability + willingness to pay
• Individual causes:

  • Income
  • Employment
  • Education
  • Housing and neighbourhoods
  • Societal characteristics
  • Autonomy & empowerment
• Downstream interventions --> Micro level
• Upstream interventions --> Macro level
• Proxial determinants --> "near" (lifestyles and behaviours related to nutrition)
• Distal determinants --> upstream factors (national, political, legal & cultural factors)
• Level 2 - community: Social and community networks & living and working conditions
• Level 3 - environment: General socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions
• Structural - social and physical environmental conditions influence choice & opportunities
• Agency - The ability to act independently and make decisions for oneself
• SEP Measures:

  • Education
  • Income --> equivalence = measure households fairly
  • Housing
  • Assets & wealth
  • Area measures --> deprivation and access
  • Population measures --> income inequality, literacy rates, GDP
• Fill

  A) Communication

  B) unemployed

  C) Qualifications

  D) Not living

  E) Single parent family

  F) A4 size

  
• Preston curve = GDP per capita vs purchasing power parity
• Place of residence

  Race/ethnicity/etc

  Occupation

  Gender/sex

  Religion

  Education

  Socioeconomic status

  Social capital

  + Disabilities
• Lorenz curve = distribution of wealth in population
• Strategies used for commercial determinants:

  1. Shaping the evidence
  2. Employing narratives and framing techniques
  3. Constituency building (sponsoring)
  4. Policy substitution, development and implementation
• Temporality - first cause then disease. Essential to establish causal relation
• Strength of association - stronger the association, more likely to be causal without known biases
• Reversibility - under controlled conditions, change in exposure --> change in outcome
• Biological gradient - increased exposure --> increased disease rates
• Biological plausibility - does association make biological sense
• Consistency of association - do multiple studies show same result
• Specificity of association - cause leads to single effect, effect has single cause