bio finals (1)

• Plant systems


  Complex networks of organs, tissues, and cells working together to sustain life
• Plant systems


  • Root system
  • Shoot system
  • Vascular system
  • Reproductive system
• Root system


  • Anchors the plant in the soil
  • Absorbs water
  • Absorbs nutrients
  • Stores reserves
• Primary root


  Considered as the main root, emerges from the seed during germination and serves as the central axis of root growth
• Secondary root


  Also called the adventitious roots, grows from different parts of the plant apart from the main root, helps anchor the plants, offer extra support, and absorb water and nutrients
• Tertiary roots


  The third-level roots that grow from secondary roots further expanding the root system of the plants
• Root hairs


  Small hairs that grow from the roots of plants that help in the absorption and nutrient from the soil by increasing the root's surface area
• Region of maturation


  The part of the root where cells mature and specialize for specific functions such as absorbing water, and nutrients from the soil
• Region of elongation


  The part of the root where cells actively grow and elongate, contributing to the overall lengthening of the root
• Region of cell division


  The parts of the root where cells actively divide, leading to the growth and development of the root
• Region of root cap

  The protective covering at the tip of a plant root, shields the delicate growing cells behind it and helps the root penetrates the soil smoothly
• Shoot system


  Consists of stems, leaves, and reproductive structures. Usually responsible for photosynthesis, support, and reproduction.
• Apical bud


  • The topmost bud on a plant stem, responsible for the upward growth and development
  • Contains a group of undifferentiated cells that continuously divide and produce new tissues, allowing the plant to grow taller or develop new branches
• Leaf


  • The flat, usually green structure attached to the stem of a plant, responsible for photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transpiration
  • Contains chlorophyll, which captures sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis
• Node


  • The point on a plant stem where leaves, branches, or buds emerge
  • Crucial sites for growth and development because they facilitate the formation of new leaves, flowers, or branches
• Internode


  • The portion of a plant stem between two adjacent nodes
  • Play a role in supporting the plant's structure and providing space for elongation and growth
• Main stem


  • The primary central axis of a plant that supports leaves, branches, flowers, and other structures
  • Serves as the main pathway for transporting water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant
• Auxiliary bud


  • A bud located in the angle formed between the leaf and the stem
  • Have the potential to develop into branches, flowers, or new shoots, contributing to the overall growth and branching pattern of the plant
• Petiole


  • The slender stalk that connects a leaf blade to the stem of a plant
  • Provides support and flexibility to the leaf, allowing it to orient itself for optimal exposure to sunlight
• Cotyledon


  • The first leaf or pair of leaves that emerge from the embryo of a seed
  • Store nutrients and often serve as the primary site for nutrient absorption during germination
• Germination


  The process by which a seed begins to sprout and grow into a new plant
• Vascular system


  Transports water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plants through the vascular tissues
• Vascular bundle


  A group of specialized tissues within a plant stem that transport fluids and nutrients throughout the plant
• Xylem


  • Carries water and minerals from roots to leaves
• Phloem


  • Transports sugars produced during photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant
• Reproductive system


  Serves the crucial function of ensuring the continuation of their species through the production of seeds
• Flower


  The reproductive structure of angiosperms (flowering plants) that contains both male and female reproductive organs and is responsible for sexual reproduction
• Stamen


  • The male reproductive organs of a flower, consisting of anther and filament
• Anther


  • The pollen-producing part of the stamen containing pollen sacs, where pollen grains are produced
• Filament


  • The stalk-like structure that supports the anther and positions it for pollen dispersal
• Pistil (Carpel)


  • The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of stigma, style, and ovary
• Stigma


  • The receptive surface at the tip of the pistil where pollen grains land during pollination
• Style


  • The slender tube-like structure connecting the stigma to the ovary
• Ovary


  • The enlarged basal portion of the pistil containing one or more ovules. After fertilization, ovary develops into a fruit
• Ovule


  The structure within the ovary where female gametes (eggs) are produced and fertilization occurs. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed
• Receptacle


  The enlarged tip of the flower's stem to which the floral organs are attached
• Sepals


  • Leaf-like structures that enclose and protect the developing flower bud. They are often green and located at the base of the flower
• Petals


  • Often brightly colored structures surrounding the reproductive organ of the flower. They attract pollinators
• Human organ systems


  • Integumentary system
  • Muscular system
  • Skeletal system
  • Circulatory system
  • Nervous system
  • Digestive system
  • Respiratory system
  • Excretory system
  • Reproductive system
• These organ systems work together in coordination to maintain homeostasis, regulate physiological processes, and support life