Critical Thinking

• Critical Thinking - is a process through which the reader evaluates claims, seeks definition, judges information, demands proofs, and questions assumptions.
• Critical Thinking is a process through which the reader evaluates claims, seeks definition, judges information, demands proofs, and questions assumptions.
• Critical thinking, this type of reading involves both effort and understanding according to Tiongson and Rodriguez, 2016.
• Reasoning - is concerned at the cognitive process in which the reader drives into a conclusion

  Is an act of giving statement for justification.
• Claims - are statements through which a writers conveys an idea.
• Counterclaims - are claims made to rebut the previous claim.
• Two types of thinking:

  1. Critical Thinking
  2. Non-critical Thinking
• Non-critical Thinking - happens when you easily accept the things you are told without examining them.
• Critical Thinking - involves a series of complex thought processes.
• Three Fundamental Reading Stage:

  1. Pre-Reading
  2. While-reading
  3. Post-reading
• Pre-Reading Stage - you have to draw on your background knowledge by looking at the title
• Activities during Pre-Reading Stage includes previewing, freewriting, surveying, questioning, and making assumptions about the author.
• During Pre-Reading Stage, selecting a reading system such as SQ3R:

  1. Surveying
  2. Questions
  3. Read
  4. Recite
  5. Review
• While-reading Stage - you may reread the text until you fully understand it's meaning.
• In while-reading the specific skills in this stage includes:

  1. Context Clues
  2. Predicting
  3. Inferencing
  4. Monitoring comprehension
  5. Annotating the text
  6. Reflecting
• Post-reading Stage - you have to check your understanding of the text.
• Post-reading Stage, have skills that includes:

  1. Reflecting
  2. Summarizing
  3. Paraphrasing
  4. Drawing Conclusions
  5. Making graphic organiser
  6. Journal writing
• Five types of Basic Reading Skills:

  1. Rapid Reading
  2. Previewing
  3. Literal Reading
  4. Inferential Reading
  5. Critical Reading
• Rapid Reading - aims to locate specific formation in a short span of time.
• Skimming - when you try to get the general idea by reading through the text quickly.
• Previewing - simply means looking over your reading material in order to be familiar.
• Literal Reading - it's sometimes known as reading on the line, because we only pay attention to what is exactly written down in front of us.
• Inferential Reading - the information is never clearly stated. "Read between the lines".
• Critical Reading - a reader applies certain processes, models, questions, and theories. There is more involved both in effort and understanding.
• A good paragraph has three characteristics:

  1. Organizations
  2. Unity
  3. Coherence
• Linear Text - refers to traditional text that is read from beginning to the end.
• Categorization:

  1. Hypertext - text only
  2. Hypermedia - not just a text but also image, sounds.
  3. Multimedia - linking images, sounds, and videos
• Intertext - is the influence of text meaning by other texts.
• Common concepts of intertextuality:

  1. Allusion - often called a passing reference
  2. Quotation - repetition of sentence or phrase
  3. Pastiche - imitation of the style and character
  4. Retelling - is the restatement of the story
  5. Parody - also called a spoof
  6. Translation - is the communication of meaning from one language to another.
  7. Calque - a loan translation, borrowed from other languages (word-for-word)
• Types of intertextuality according to FRANK ANGELO:

  1. Adaptation - recasting into a new form.
  2. Retro - recycling
  3. Appropriation - borrowing or stealing
  4. Parody
  5. Pastiche