World Literature

• The ________ was written and compiled within a century after Confucius’s death (d.473) by Confucius first and second generation pupils.

  analects
• is one of the oldest civilizations in the world


  Chinese civilization
• The basis of Chinese classical civilization was established solidly during the __________________, and nearly all that came after that until about the 19th century fits neatly into the pattern of dynastic rise, expansion, disintegration and fall

  Chou, Ch’in and Han dynasties
• The unity of this pattern was firmly based on

  Confucianism
• There is documented evidence of the _________, which goes all the way back to 1765 BC and China’s legendary history goes back even further

  Shang dynasty
• is not exactly a religion, although it seems to answer all the basic needs of men, which in the West have been answered by religious


  Confucianism
• actually did believe in gods and ancestral spirits as did most Chinese of his time, but he generally refused to speak about them because nothing could be known directly about them


  Confucius
• beliefs and influences are an important part of classical Chinese culture


  Taoist
• The “Tao” is usually translated “_______” – the way in which a flower grows from a seed, according to its natural inborn potential

  The Way
• For the Taoist, ________ comes from parting from the Tao or from trying to flout it

  unhappiness
• To follow the Tao, or to “go with the flow”, is both __________ : the analogy here is that of a flower petal flowing along effortlessly with a stream.

  wisdom and happines
• _________ China was marked by wide class division, warlordism, appalling p0verty among the masses and government corruption

  Twentieth century
• The dynastic rule of China was brought to an end with the revolution of 1911, led by _________, which overthrew the Manchus, but this revolution did not usher in democratic rule as had been hoped


  Sun Yat-sen
• For ________, the Chinese have woven a variety of genres and forms encompassing poetry, essays, fiction and drama; each in its own way reflecting the social climate of its day through the high spirit of art.

  3500 years
• Chinese literature can be used as an escape into a beautiful world and time, a guide to virtuous living, and a historical

  map through images and philosophy.


  The Splendor of Chinese Literature
• During Warring state period (__________) the text analects was completed


  476 BC - 221 BC
• Han Dynasty (_________) the book analects was widely known and transmitted throughout china in a mostly complete form.


  206 BC - 220 AD
• ______ (Han Dynasty Scholar) two versions of the Analects :

  • Lu version contains 20 chapters
  • Qi version contains 22 chapters, including chapters that are not found in the Lu version


  Liu Xiang
• Do not do unto others what you don't want others do to

  you.
• Men are born pretty much alike, but through their habits they gradually grow further and further apart from each other.
• To know what you know and know what you don't know is the characteristics of one who knows.
• It is easy to be rich and not haughty; it is difficult to be poor and not grumble.
• Do not worry people about not knowing you, but strive so that you may be worth knowing.
• If a man would be severe towards himself and generous toward others, he would never arouse resentment.
• A man who does not think a plan long ahead will find trouble right by his door.
• To repay evil with kindness is the sign of a generous character. To repay kindness with evil is a sign of criminal.
• When you see good man, try to emulate his example, and when you see bad man, search yourself for his faults.
• Don't criticize other people's fault; criticize your own.
• The superior man is always candid and at ease (with himself or others): the inferior man is always worried about something.
• A gentleman is ashamed that his words are better than his deeds.
• Reading without thinking gives one a disorderly mind, and thinking without reading makes one flighty.
• That type of scholarship which is bent on remembering things in order to answer people's questions does not qualify one to be a teacher.
• Robert Frost, in full __________, (born March 26, 1874, San Francisco, California, U.S.— died January 29, 1963, Boston, Massachusetts)


  Robert Lee Frost
• Robert Frost is an _________ who was much admired for his depictions of the rural life of New England, his command of American colloquial speech, and his realistic verse portraying ordinary people in everyday situations.


  American poet
• By 1911 Frost was fighting against discouragement.
• Frost, who was nearly 40 years old, had not published a single book of poems and had seen just a handful appear in magazines.
• Frost demonstrated an ___________ of theme, but he most commonly investigated human contacts with the natural world in small encounters that serve as metaphors for larger aspects of the human condition.


  enviable versatility
• He often portrayed the human ability to turn even the slightest incident or natural detail to emotional profit, seen at its most economical form in “Dust of Snow”
• Writings of Robert Frost

   

  •A Boy's Will (1913)

  •North of Boston (1914)

  •Mountain Interval (1916)

  •New Hampshire (1923)

  •West-Running Brook (1928)

  •A Further Range (1937)

  •A Witness Tree (1942)

  •In the Clearing (1962)
• Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,

  And sorry I could not travel both

  And be one traveler, long I stood

  And looked down one as far as I could

  To where it bent in the undergrowth;

  Then took the other, as just as fair,

  And having perhaps the better claim,

  Because it was grassy and wanted wear;

  Though as for that the passing there

  Had worn them really about the same,