Pe paper 1

• Cranium

  Protects brain
• Clavicle

  Sits where the collar bone
• Humorous

  Top of arm
• Radius

  On top lower arm
• Ulna

  Underneath lower arm
• carpals

  Wrist
• Metacarpals

  Middle of hand
• Phalanges

  fingers
• scapula

  shoulder blade
• pelvis

  hip bone
• femur

  long bone, upper leg
• patella

  knee cap
• tibia

  thicker bone lower leg
• fibula

  outside lower leg
• talus

  ankle
• tarsals

  just below ankle
• metatarsals

  middle of foot
• 4 Types of bones

  irregular, short, long, flat
• flat bones

  • protect major organs
• long bones

  • gross movements (large big forceful movements)
• short bones

  • bones in hands feet ankles, short precise movements
• irregular bones

  • vertebrae for structure and stabillity
• six functions of skeletal system

  • movement
  • protection
  • structural shape
  • support
  • mineral storage
  • blood cell production
• blood cells are produced in inner bone marrow
• red blood cells carry o2
• white blood cells fight infection
• tendons attach muscle to bone
• ligaments attach bones to bones
• synovial membrane produces synovial fluid that lubricates the joint
• bursa is a fluid filled sac
• cartilage is soft connected tissue at the end of bones and helps and cartilage helps reduce friction to bone ends
• The joint capsule surrounds and encloses a synovial joint and it helps stabilize, strengthen and support the joint
• different types of synovial joints

  hinge joints and ball and socket joints
• examples of ball and socket


  shoulder and hip
• example of hinge joint

  elbow, knee, ankle
• ball and socket joins allow the greatest range of movement including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction (large circular movement with arm) and rotation.
• hinge joints can only carry out flexion and extention
• flexion is where the angle of the joint decreases and extention is where the angle at the joint increases
• At the ankle there is two types of movements, plantar flexion where the toes point towards the ground and dorsi flexion where the toes point towards the knee
• hip flexors in groin region