PR 1 - Lesson 8

• Chapter 3: Research Methodology

  This chapter starts with the transition paragraph introducing the contents/parts of the chapter. The different sections are; Research design; Population and sampling; Respondents of the study; Instrumentation; validation of instruments; data gathering procedures; and statistical treatment of data
• Parts of Chapter 3

  1. Research Design
  2. Population and Sampling
  3. Participants of the Study
  4. Research Instrument
  5. Validation of Instrument
  6. Data Gathering Procedure
• Research Design

  • it refers to a scheme or plan of action for meeting the objectives
  • A blueprint for conducting a study that maximize control over factors that could interfere with the validity of the findings.
  • The researcher discusses here the methods used as defined by an authority this part also includes the importance of using the research method or research design deemed appropriate to the thrust or objective of the study.
• Population and Sampling

  The population refers to the complete enumeration of the individuals/subjects that possess the characteristics or information that are of interest to the researcher for descriptive or inferential purposes.

  The researcher describes the sampling procedures in detail. The sampling technique used in the choice of subjects/respondents for the study explains how the group/s was/were selected, whether representative of the population of interest
• 1. Judgment/ Purposive/ Agenda: Deliberative Sampling

  • It depends exclusivity on the judgment of the investigator. 
  • The sample selected which researcher thinks to be most typical of the universe.
• 2. Convenience Sampling

  • Convenient sample units selected
  • Selected based on their availability
• 3. Quota Sampling

  • Within the quota, selection depends on the personal judgment.
• 4. Snowball Sampling

  • A special non probability method used when the desired sample characteristics is rare.
  • It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations.
  • Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects.
• 5. Simple Random Sampling

  • Each unit has an equal opportunity of being selected
• Participants of the Study

  • The researcher places here the well-defined population. The systematic sampling procedure, and the total enumeration or delimited population in terms of the percentage of samples or respondents used in the study.
• Research Instrument

  • The researchers discusses here the instrument used to gather the necessary data to answer the specific problems posed/raised in the study. This portion indicates if the instrument is a self-made instrument, standardized, copyrighted, or an adapted one. He clarifies in this section the mode of responses and the scale to be used as a part of the assessment tool or measure.
• 1. Documentary Analysis

  • This instrument may require the researcher to examine available resources or documents.
  • Inspecting the primary and secondary source is important when using this type of data collection.
• 2. Interview

  • Happens when the researcher personally asks the key informants about things or information he/she needs from the subjects. 
• 3. Observation

  • the researcher tracks the subject’s behavioral change over a specific period of time. 
• 4. Questionnaire

  • Most commonly used data collection instrument. 
  • It requires respondents to answer a prepared set of questions regarding the information that the researcher wants to elicit from them.
• 5. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

  • It is a good way to gather people from similar backgrounds or experiences together to discuss a specific topic of interest. 
  • They are guided by a moderator (a group facilitator) who introduces the topics for discussion and motivates the group to participate actively.
• 1. Structured Interview

  • prepared and organized questions that the respondents will answer. 
• 2. Unstructured Interview

  • occurs when the researcher prepares an outline of the topics that he/she needs to personally ask from the interviewee in spontaneous and conversation-like manner.
• 3. Semi-structured Interview

  • is when the researcher prepares a specific set of questions but could ask a follow-up questions to the respondents for them to elaborate their answers.
• 1. Naturalistic Observation

  •  the researcher observes the subject in the natural setting in their actual environment. 
• 2. Participative Observation

  • requires researchers to be involved in the usual activities.
• 3. Non-naturalistic observation

  • also called “ideal situation” observation. Subjects are taken away from their actual environment and are subjected to ideal conditions determined by the reserachers.
• 1. Yes or No

  • items in the questionnaire are answerable by yes or no.
• 2. Recognition

  • respondents are made to choose from the choices given in the questionnaire. 
• 3. Completion

  • respondents are requested to supply the necessary information in the blanks placed after each statement or question. Also called “open-ended questionnaire”
• 4. Coding

  • the respondents are asked to rank or give numerical rating for the information required of them.
• 5. Subjective

  • the respondents are free to give their opinions and answers to the questions posed by the researcher. 
• 6. Combination

  • this makes use of one or more type of questions in a single questionnaire.
• Validation of the Instrument

  •  The researchers include here the procedure on how the instrument was validated. He cites the names and designations of the people who validated the instrument. The researcher is therefore required to indicate the result of the test reliability and validity of the instrument or the results of the item analysis as the case maybe.
• Data Gathering Procedure

  • This section contains the procedure followed by the researcher from the time of the distribution of the instrument/questionnaires up to the time of retrieval