G Biology (4th quarter)

• Fluid Mosaic model - made up of different parts.
• Extracellular environment - the outside part of the cell.
• Cytosol - the inside of the cell.
• . Phospholipid Bilayer - one layer of phospholipid is called "leaflet"
• Phospholipids are "amphipathic" with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
• hydrophilic - attracted to water
• hydrophobic - nonpolar
• The heads are outside and are facing toward Extracellular and Cytosol because that is where water is found. (Hydrophilic side)
• Tails are made of Fatty acid
• saturated - straight
• unsaturated - bending
• Components of Plasma Membrane: Phospholipid Bilayer, Membrane lipids, Glycolipids, membrane carbohydrates
• Membrane Lipids: . Cholesterol, Glycolipids
• Cholesterol - regulates membrane fluidity and permeability
• permeability - allow the entry and exits of the molecules
• semi-permeability - allow the entry of only some molecules
• Glycolipids - lipids with attached carbohydrates
• Membrane Proteins: Lipid-anchored proteins, Peripheral membrane, Transmembrane
• Lipid-anchored proteins - at the surface but attached to the lipid
• Peripheral membrane- embedded to the surface.
• Transmembrane - gate or channel. (For the bigger molecules to enter or exit
• Passive transport is like something walking through an opening, just going with the flow.
•  Active transport on the other hand, it's like something pulling someone from the other side if you base it on the game.
• Simple Diffusion - molecules move from High Concentration to Low Concentration.
• Osmosis - water molecules move from regions that has low solute concentration to high solute concentration
• Hypertonic Solution - more concentrated side
• Hypotononic - less concentrated
• Isotonic - equal
• Hypertonic Solution - inside the cell is hypertonic, so it pushes out the water molecules
• Hypotononic - it absorbs water molecules that's outside causing it to expand
• Isotonic - nothing changes since the water molecules goes in and out that makes it equal

   
• Hypertonic solution - More concentrated with solute molecules
• Hypotonic Solution - less concentrated with solute molecules
• Isotonic solution - solute solution is at equilibrium with the other solution.
• WATER MOLECULE is moving out of the cell.
• Proteins acts as "facilitator" because some molecules cannot easily pass through the cell membrane
• Cytosol - the inside of the cell.
• Sodium-potassium Pump - Continuous exchange of three Na+ ions inside the cell for two K+ ions outside.
• Na+ is the principal ion outside the cell
• K+ is the principal ion inside the cell