biology

• phloem and vessels


  vascular
• transport and conduct materials.

  Tissue
• Root to leaves has no energy and dead tissue ( vessel tracheids )

  Xylem
• Water and minerals


  Xylem
• Food


  Phloem
• Two direction is active and Living Tissue ( Sieve tube, Tracheids )


  Phloem
• Xylem Vessel and tracheids

  Xylem
• With perforation plates, pits and pores (Large) 


  Xylem Vessel
• Tapering ends and pits (small)


  Tracheids
• Companion Cells and Sieve Tube

  Phloem
• Suppports the sieve element, linked to sieve elements by plasmodesmata. W/ organelles 


  Companion cells
• Columns of parenchyma, materials pass through. mass flow and large pores at the end

  Sieve Tube
• without nucleus, golgi body and ribosome but wirh mitochondrion


  Sieve tube 
• diffusion


  simple animals (worms, anemones)
• transport system


  Large animals
• Blood doesn't flow through blood vessel, is puped out by heart into large spaces, blood returns to the heart

  Open blood system
• Flows through blood vessels

  Closed blood system
• Pumps DOB to the gills, OB carried to the tissue, DOB returns to the heart, Passes heart once

  Single circulation
• passes the heart twice


  Double circulation
• Pumps DOB to the lungs and OB retuens to the heart

  Pulmonary circulation
• Pumps OB to body tissues and DOB returns to the heart

  Systemic circulation
• Pumps blood


  heart
• Carries Blood


  blood vessels
• delivers and collect materials to protect

  blood
• sequence of events in 1 heartbeat

  cardiac cycle
• contraction


  systole
• relax


  diastole
• beat sequence


  Vena Cava veins to venules to capillaries to arterioles to to aorta
• plasma and blood cells


  components of blood
• food molecules, waste product (urea ), hormones and salts

  plasma
• Red blood cells, White bloods cells, platelets


  bloods cells
• Lymphocytes

  White blood cells
• Thrombocytes


  Platelets
• Plants waste product


  Oxygen gas, carbon dioxide, excess water
• animals waste product

  solid feces, gaseous CO² (excess water) liquis nitrogenous (uric acid, urea, ammonium salts)
• filters metabollic waste, re absorb important materials (blood) and regulates pH 


  kidney
• DCT(distal convoluted tubule) and CD(collecting duct)


  osmoregulation
• hypothalamus detects the water, ADH is low (antideuretic hormone), urine is clear


  Blood is high on water
• ADH is high (antideuretic hormone), yellowish


  Blood is low on water
• Gills -OB - cells - DOB- Heart -DOB-gills  


  single circulation