N.S EXAM NOTES

• • The female reproductive system contains the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
• • The female reproductive system consists of the vagina, cervix, ovary, oviduct, and uterus.
• • The male reproductive system consists of the testes, prostate gland, sperm duct, urethra, penis, and scrotum.
• The basic structure of all cells: cell membrane( outer layer-chloroplast), cytoplasm( jelly-like substance), nucleus( contains DNA), mitochondria( where energy is produced) and vacuole( storage).
• Plant vs Animal cells:

  1.) Plant cells have a cell wall( cellulose) while animal cells have no cell wall.

  2.) Plant cells have chloroplast- chlorophyll( photosynthesis can take place) while animal cells have no chloroplast.

  3.) Plant cells have large vacuoles while animal cells have few small vacuoles or none.
• Stem cell research: Take cells from unborn baby, use the cells to cure diseases or to produce more.
• The Structure Of A Typical Plant Cell and A Typical Animal Cell:

  
• The General Structure Of A Cell:

  
• Body Systems:

  • Immune system: Bone marrow, skin, spleen and tonsils.
• Respiratory System: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm and alveoli.
• Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
• • Circulatory system:
  • function: Transport substances( [nutrients, oxygen, used in respiration ] [waste products, away from cells.])
  • Structure: Heart, blood vessels and blood.
  • Health issues: High blood pressure, heart attack and stroke.
• Cardiovascular system: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
• The structure of the circulatory system?

  Heart, blood vessels and blood
• Blood vessels: oxygenated{artery-> arteriole}->capillary->{venule->vein}deoxygenated
• Digestive system:

  • Function: absorb nutrients (Fats, protein, carbs, vitamins, minerals.)
  • Structure: Mouth, oesophagus, liver, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine, apendix, rectum and anus.
  • health issues: Ulcer, anorexia, diarrhea and liver cirrhosis.
• Stomach acid is known as hydrochloric acid (HCl).
• Respiratory system:

  • Function: oxygen in carbon dioxide(CO2) out.
  • Structure: Nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, 2 lungs, 2 bronchi, ribs, intercostal muscles, alveoli and diaphragm.
  • Processes: Breathing ( inhalation & exhalation), gaseous exchange ( alveoli & capillaries) and respiration (oxygen and glucose).
  • Health issues: Asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis and asbestosis.
• Excretory system:

  • Function: Get rid of broken-down waste products. Water control in the blood through osmoregulation.
  • Structure: Renal vein, renal artery, kidney, 2 ureter, bladder and urethra.
  • Process: Filtration, absorption, diffusion and excretion.
  • Health issues: Kidney stones, bladder infections and kidney failure.
• To calculate how many neutrons an atom has, you can simply subtract the number of protons, or atomic number, from the mass number
• Noble gases: do not bond with other atoms.
• First twenty elements:

  1. H - Hydrogen
  2. He - Helium
  3. Li - Lithium
  4. Be - Beryllium
  5. B - Boron
  6. C - Carbon
  7. N - Nitrogen
  8. O - Oxygen
  9. F - Fluorine
  10. Ne - Neon
  11. Na - Sodium
  12. Mg - Magnesium
  13. Al - Aluminum
  14. Si - Silicon
  15. P - Phosphorus
  16. S - Sulfur
  17. Cl - Chlorine
  18. Ar - Argon
  19. K - Potassium
  20. Ca - Calcium
• Elements on the same row are called periods.