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• Three-age-system


  System of classifying ancient age into groups based on tool development stages
• Stone Age

  • Period of weapons made of stone, wood, bone and some other materials aside from metals
  • Subdivided into Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods
• Paleolithic Period

  1. Began approximately two million years ago and ended between 40,000 to 10,000 years ago

  2. People were hunter gatherers

  3. Used tools made of stones, flints, bones, and antlers
• Lower Paleolithic Period

  • Lasted from between 2.7 million years ago to 200,000 years ago
  • Stone choppers believed to be made more than a million year ago by Australopithecus were unearthed from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• Middle Paleolithic Period


  • Covered the cultural development involving Neanderthal man
  • Used fire, stone tools of flake types for hunting, and bone implements such as needles for sewing body coverings made of animal furs and skins
  • Believed to paint dead before burial and practice religion
• Upper Paleolithic Period


  • Dominated by homo sapiens groups (Cro-Magnon, Grimaldi man etc.)
  • Known for communal hunting, extensive fishing, supernatural beliefs, cloth sewing, painting, sculpture, cave wall carvings and paintings and making personal ornaments
• Mesolithic Period


  • Involved the gradual change in the way humans lived
  • People began to learn fishing along rivers and lakes shores, make pottery and use bow
  • They also learn plant propagation and animal breeding, so food in this period was easily available
  • They made microliths, a smaller and more delicate stone tools than those of paleoliths
• Neolithic Period

  • Cultural and technological development was based mostly on agriculture
  • Characterized by wide domestication of plants and animals, use of stone tools, and pottery and weaving in numerous settled villages
  • Agriculture continued to expand all over the world giving rise to a variety of civilization
• Bronze Age


  • Period when almost all the tools were made of copper or bronze
  • Achieved through the extraction of metal from ore called smelting
• Iron Age

  • Period when all the tools were made of iron
  • Began when smelting pits made enough advancement to produce higher temperatures that could smelt iron ore
• Middle Ages

  • Began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merge into renaissance and the age of discovery
  • Subdivided into Dark and High Middle Ages
• Major developments in science and technology in China during Middle Ages

  • Paper
  • Seismograph
  • Animal harness
  • Mechanical clock
  • Hydraulic engineering works
  • Wheelbarrow
  • Gunpowder, guns and cannons
  • Printing press
  • Magnetic compass and stern-post rudder
• Major developments in science and technology in Europe during Middle Ages

  • Feudal system
  • Schools
  • Horse collar
  • Clock/watch
  • Magnetic compass
  • Watermill and windmill
  • Lenses with spectacles
  • Gunpowder and cannon
• Mayan Civilization

  • Pyramids made of limestone
  • House made of poles and leaves of palms
  • Cocoa beans were used as monetary units
  • Mayan solar calendar was developed consisting of 365 days in a year (18 months of 20 days)
  • Positioned of different heavenly bodies were observed and recorded
• Aztec Civilization

  • High temples
  • Decimal notations were used, in which zero represented by oval shape, while other numbers with dots and dashes
  • A social calendar was developed with 365 days of a total of 18 months
• Inca Civilization


  • Farming was practiced in terraced field with canals for irrigation
  • Chili and avocado were widely cultivated
  • Clothes from llama and alpaca wools were made
  • Decimal system of counting was used
  • A calendar of 365 days was developed
• Scientific Revolution


  The great scientific intellectual achievements that changed the views of society about nature
• Copernicus Heliocentric Model


  • Describes the Sun near the center of the Universe, and the Earth and other planets orbiting around it in circular paths, modified by epicycles, and at uniform speeds
• Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion


  • All planets revolve around the sun in elliptical, not circular, and that closer planets to the sun move faster than the others
• Galileo's Work of Motion


  1. Definition of concept

  2. Expression of relationship of concept

  3. Forming a hypothesis

  4. Reduction of consequences from hypothesis

  5. Experimentation

  6. Analysis
• Newton's Laws of Motion


  • 1st Law (Law of Inertia): If a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force
  • 2nd Law: When a constant force acts on a massive body, it causes it to accelerate
  • 3rd Law: For every action, there is equal and opposite reaction
• Newton's Law of Universal Gravity


  • A particle in the universe attracts every other universal particle using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely to the square of the distance between their centers
• Significant scientific advances during 18th and 19th century

  • Discovery of Cell by Robert Hooke
  • Discovered cell nucleus by Robert Brown
  • Observation and discovery of microorganism by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
  • Introduced binomial nomenclature of classifying species by Carolus Linnaeus
  • Discovered first known virus by Martinus Beijerinck
  • Discovered first Ichthyosaur fossil by Mary Anning
  • Founded comparative anatomy as science by Georges Cuvier
  • Use of ether in surgical operations by Crawford Long
  • Introduction of experimental psychology by Wilhelm Wundt
  • Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin
  • Vaccine against rabies by Louis Pasteur
• Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the Filipinos had a civilization of their own
• This Civilization partly came from the Malay settlers and partly from their response to the new environment
• Many of these customs and traditions, government and way of life, have come down to the present day, despite the changes brought about by westernization and modernization
• It is possible to know about our distant past by simply observing some customs and practices that have resisted change and modernization
• Pre-colonial Philippine society

  • Male attire was composed of the kanggan (sleeveless jacket) and bahag (loincloth)
  • Female attire consisted of baro or camisa (jacket with sleeves) and saya or patadyong (a long skirt)
  • Men and women wore ornaments to look attractive
  • Houses were called bahay kubo, made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm, built on stilts and can be entered through ladders that can be drawn up
• Social classes in pre-colonial Philippine society

  • Nobles (datu and their families)
  • Mahadlika or maharlika (freemen)
  • Alipin (dependents)
• Status of women in pre-colonial Philippine society

  • Had the right to inherit property, engage in trade and industry, and succeed to the chieftainship of the barangay in the absence of a male heir
  • Had the exclusive right to name their children
  • Men walked behind them as a sign of respect
• Marriage customs in pre-colonial Philippine society

  • Men were in general, monogamous
  • Courtship usually begins with paninilbihan
  • Dowry or bigay-kaya, panghihimuyat, bigay-suso, himaraw were required before marriage
  • Wedding ceremonies vary depending on the status of the couple
• Muslim Filipinos have similar marriage customs as pre-colonial Filipinos
• Dowry


  Bigay-kaya - payment given by the man to the woman's parents
• Panghihimuyat


  Payment to the wet nurse (bigay-suso)
• Himaraw


  Bribe for the relatives (sambon)
• Pamamalae or pamamanhikan or pamumulungan


  The man brings his parents to meet with the bride-to-be's parents to haggle and make the final arrangements
• Weddings are officiated by the priestess or babaylan
• Uncooked rice is thrown on the couple after the wedding ceremony
• Pananalanguni


  Betrothal stage in Muslim Filipino marriage customs
• Muslim Filipino marriage customs

  1. Consultation with the girl's parents, who relays their decision to the village chief, who in turn informed the suitor's parents of the decision

  2. Dowry settled by the chief (pedsungud)