Science 4th Quarter

• Tools in locating places on Earth


  • Compass
  • Radar
  • GPS
  • Maps
  • Globes
• Map


  Two-dimensional graphical representation of an area, land, or sea depicting physical features

  
• Globe


  • Three-dimensional spherical model of the Earth
  • Similarity: Both are made of imaginary lines which intersects with each other

  
• Coordinate system


  A grid that is used to identify locations on a page or screen that is equivalent to grid locations on the globe
• Imaginary lines


  Represents the parallels of latitude, meridians of longitude, equator, and the Prime Meridian
• Latitude


  Lines that circle the earth from east to west, divide the earth into north and south sections

  
• Equator


  A line of latitude that divides the earth into northern and southern hemispheres, has a latitude of 0°

  
• Lines of latitude


  Numbered from 0 to 90 degrees north or south of the equator

  
• Tropic of Cancer to Tropic of Capricorn

  Tropics, experiences tropical climate (warm temperatures)
• Between Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle

  Northern Temperate Zone, experiences four seasons
• Between Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle


  Southern Temperate Zone
• Areas within Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle

  Polar or Frigid Zone, experiences cold temperature all year round
• Latitude


  • The closer to the equator, the warmer the temperature
  • The closer to the poles, the colder the temperature
• Longitude


  Lines that circle the earth from north to south, divide the earth into east and west sections

  
• Prime Meridian


  A line of longitude that divides the earth into eastern and western hemispheres, has a longitude of 0°

  
• Lines of longitude


  Numbered from 0 to 180 degrees east or west of the prime meridian
• Latitude and longitude


  • Each 15° away from each other
  • Latitude = N or S
  • Longitude = E or W
  • 1° = 70 miles = 112 km = 60 min
  • Always list latitude first when writing a location

  
• The Philippines is situated on the South Asian part of the Pacific Ring of Fire
• Countries surrounding the Philippines

  • Taiwan
  • Japan
  • Guam
  • Malaysia
  • Singapore
  • Thailand
• Directions from the Philippines


  • To the North: Asian continent
  • To the East: Philippine Sea, Pacific Ocean
  • To the West: South China Sea / West Philippine Sea, Indian Ocean
• Natural Resources


  Resources that occur in nature that are available for human consumption. They are materials created and gathered that humans use to survive and satisfy their needs.
• Natural Resources


  • sunlight
  • wind
• Man-made Resources


  When we use natural resources to make something new that provides utility and value to our lives
• Man-made Resources


  • chairs
  • tables
  • light
  • roads
  • buildings
• Types of Natural Resources

  • Renewable
  • Non-renewable
• Renewable Resources


  Resources that can grow again or can be replaced after it is consumed. They can be generated quickly and are found in large quantities.
• Renewable resources can be depleted if they are not properly managed or conserved
• Non-renewable Resources


  Resources that cannot be replaced once consumed. They are found in nature in small or limited quantities since they need long periods of time to generate.
• Metals like copper, iron, and aluminum are abundant on earth, but people have to dig deeper to the ground to get what they need
• Natural gas, coal, and petroleum were formed from plants and animals that lived on earth millions of years ago. It takes millions of years for dead plants and animals to turn into fossil fuels
• Conservation


  Not to use up, spoil or waste anything. It is important for people to use natural resources wisely.
• Human activities that harm the environment

  • Deforestation
  • Overhunting
  • Illegal Mining
  • Air and Water Pollution
• Effects of human activities on the environment

  • Pollution of rivers endangers public safety and harms aquatic ecosystems
  • Deforestation destroys animal habitats, leads to biodiversity loss, and contributes to global warming
  • Mining causes habitat destruction and poses health risks to nearby communities
• Water


  Essential for domestic activities, irrigation, industries, electricity, relaxation, and recreation
• Soil


  Provides water, nutrients, and habitat for various organisms. Crucial for food production
• Rocks and Minerals


  Used in construction, roads, monuments, and as a source of metallic and non-metallic minerals
• Fossil Fuels


  Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are used to produce energy. Coal plays a vital role in electricity. Petroleum is used to create energy sources in making plastics, fuel for automobiles, and source of heat. Natural gas is composed of methane which is used for cooking and heating.
• Solar Energy


  Harnesses sunlight using photovoltaic cells or solar panels to generate electricity
• Wind Energy


  Utilizes wind turbines to convert wind into electricity, a clean and renewable source
• Hydropower (Hydroelectric Energy)


  Generates electricity by harnessing the energy of flowing water, such as rivers or waterfalls, using turbines