mod 2

• Geological hazards


  Natural disasters related to the earth's geology, such as landslides and sinkholes
• Causes of geological hazards

  • Natural causes
  • Human causes
• Natural causes of landslides

  1. Earthquake

  2. Heavy rainfall

  3. Wildfire

  4. Volcanic eruption
• Human causes of landslides

  1. Clear cutting

  2. Mining, Construction, deep excavation
• Other causes of landslides

  • Influence of slope
  • Lithology (characteristics of rock)
• Natural causes of sinkholes

  Earthquake
• Sinkholes can form when the soil is very thin on the surface and exposing the bedrock

  
• The most dangerous type of sinkhole is the cover collapse sinkhole

  
• Sinkholes are most common with a surface that is semi-permeable

  
• Landslides involve the movement of debris, rocks or any particles in the earth in the downslope direction
• A sinkhole is a naturally occurring geological hazard below the surface that eventually collapses, also called "karst terrain"

  
• Clear cutting is a method of timber harvesting that completely removes the trees, which act as a binder to the soil
• Mining, construction, and deep excavation can destroy the bedrock and weaken the foundation of the soil, promoting vulnerability of critical slopes
• The steeper the slope, the more prone it is to landslides
• Rocks composed of clay, mica, calcite, and gypsum are prone to weathering and can cause landslides
• Soil unstable

  Plant act as a glue to make the soil intact and not loosen
• Volcanic eruption


  • Volcanoes ash deposit are prone to erosion
  • When it mixes with water it will create a lahar or a mudflow landslides
• Human causes of landslides

  • Clear cutting
  • Mining
  • Construction
  • Deep excavation
• Clear cutting


  A method of timber harvesting that completely removes the trees to the place that act as a binder to the soil
• Mining, Construction, deep excavation


  Destroy the bedrock and weakens the foundation of the soil promoting vulnerability of critical slopes
• Influence of slope


  • The steeper the slope the more it is prone in landslides
• Lithology


  • The characteristic of rock can cause landslide for example if the rocks in the place are composed of clay, mica, calcite, and gypsum this place is prone to landslides because these rocks are prone in weathering
• Earthquake


  • The vibration of the earth's crust can cause breaking of rocks resulting in the groundwater to penetrate and dissolving the mineral
• Water


  Dissolving the minerals in the rock resulting for creating a crack or gap
• Groundwater


  Lowering the amount of groundwater causes a loss of support in the soft material resulting in a collapse
• Human causes of sinkholes

  • Heavy loads on the surface
  • Drilling
  • Mining
  • Broken water/Drainpipes
  • Deep excavation

  
• Effects of landslide/sinkhole


  • Loss of lives
  • Destruction of infrastructure
  • Loss of natural resources
  • Loss of property value
  • Medical cost in the event
  • Loss of water availability
• natural cause of landslide EXCEPT

  -mining
• most common cause of landslide

  -rainfall
• cause of landslide due to the shaking of the earth crust

  -earthquakes
• natural cause in a sinkhole

  -heavy rainfall
• method of cutting trees that cause a landslide

  -clear cutting
• Seismic activities that caused the crust to move and create a landslides

  -earthquake
• The composition of rocks mineral that causes dissolving of rocks and

  eventually landslides

  -lithology
• cause of landslide EXCEPT

  -broken pipes
• What compound are both can cause landslide and sinkhole?

  -h2o
• effects of sinkhole and landslide except.

  -increase in economics