NCM 103 FUNAMENTALS OF NURSING

• Problem Solving Process

  • Identifying the problem
  • Analyzing the problem
  • Formulating possible solutions
  • Determine the best course of action
  • Implementing the solutions
  • Evaluating the outcomes
• Nursing Process

  • Patient centered
  • Interpersonal
  • Collaborative
  • Dynamic & cyclical
  • Requires critical thinking

  
• Purposes of the Nursing Process

  • Assess health status
  • Plan to meet goals
  • Deliver specific nursing interventions
  • Establish data base
  • Protect nurse from legal problems
  • Systematically organized practice

  
• Phases of the Nursing Process

  1. Assessment

  2. Diagnosis

  3. Outcome Identification

  4. Planning

  5. Implementation

  6. Evaluation

  
• Assessment


  Collecting, validating, organizing and recording data about the client's health status
• Diagnosis


  Clinical act of identifying problems
• Outcome Identification


  Formulating and documenting measurable, realistic, client-focused goals
• Planning


  Strategies or course of actions to be taken before implementation of nursing care

  
• Implementation


  Carry out planned nursing interventions to help client attain goals and achieve optimal level of health

  
• Evaluation


  Appraise the extent to which goals and outcome criteria of nursing care have been achieved

  
• SMART Goals

  • Specific
  • Measurable
  • Attainable
  • Realistic
  • Time-frame
• Types of Nursing Interventions

  • Independent
  • Dependent
  • Interdependent
• Nursing Skills

  • Cognitive
  • Technical
  • Interpersonal
  • Therapeutic use of self
• Asepsis


  Absence of disease-producing microorganisms
• Sepsis


  The presence of microorganisms
• Sterilization


  Process by which all microorganisms including their spores are destroyed
• Pathogenicity


  The ability to produce a disease
• Stages of Infection


  1. Exposure to pathogen until symptoms start

  2. Nonspecific symptoms

  3. Noticeable symptoms

  4. Localized infection

  5. Secondary infection

  6. Recovery period

  
• Chain of Infection


  • Pathogenicity
  • Virulence
  • Invasiveness
  • Habitat/environment
  • Route through which pathogen leaves the host
  • How pathogen enters the new host
  • Factors that put a person at risk for infection

  
• Types of Asepsis


  • Medical Asepsis
  • Surgical Asepsis
• Sterilization Methods

  • Steam (autoclaving)
  • Gas - ethylene oxide
  • Radiation - ionizing technique
  • Chemical
  • Boiling water
• Immunization


  Acquiring immunity against pathogens
• Types of Immunization

  • Active
  • Passive
• Nursing Interventions to Promote Healthy Physiologic Responses

  • Hygiene
  • Skin Integrity
  • Mobility/Activity
  • Rest and Sleep
  • Comfort and Pain Management
  • Nutrition
  • Urinary Elimination
  • Bowel Elimination
  • Oxygen and perfusion
  • Fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance
• Nursing Interventions to Promote Healthy Psychosocial Responses

  • Self-concept
  • Stress and adaptation
  • Loss, Grief and Dying concept
  • Sensory functioning
  • Sexuality
  • Spirituality
• Educating clients about medications

  • Preparing and Administering Medications
  • Evaluating the Appropriateness and Accuracy of Medication Orders
  • Documenting Medications