Bioenergetic

• Photosynthesis:

  Equation - Carbon dioxide + water -> Glucose + oxygen

  6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Photosynthesis:

  Plant releases:

  • Glucose
  • Oxygen

  Plant reacts with:

  • Carbon dioxide - through leaves
  • Water - through roots by osmosis

  
• Uses of Glucose:

  C = cellulose

  R = respiration

  O = oils and fats

  P = proteins

  S = starch
• Structure of Leaf:

  • Cuticle - waxy
  • Upper epidermis - thin to allow sunlight through
  • Palisade cells - lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • Spongy mesophyll - Lots of air space for gaseous exchange
  • Stomata - lets CO2 in and O2 out of the leaf
  • Guard cells - controls water and carbon dioxide loss in leaf

  
• Water:

  Travels from the roots up to the leaves via the xylem ( transporation )

  Glucose / Sugars:

  Travels up and down the plant via the phloem ( translocation )
• Xylem:

  • Dead cells
  • Water moves up
  • Hollow tube strengthened by lignin

  Phloem:

  • Alive cells
  • Glucose moves up and down
  • Tubes of elongated cells
• Respiration - mitochondria

  Aerobic: with oxygen

  Equation - Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water

  Glucose:

  • Complete breakdown
  • Lots of energy released - used for warmth, movement, chemical reactions

  Oxygen:

  • Gaseous exchange -> O2 diffuses into bloodstream from alveoli , CO2 diffuses from bloodstream into alveoli and out of the lungs

  Adaptations of alveoli:

  • One cell thick
  • Large surface area
  • Rich blood supply
  • Moist lining

  
• Respiration - mitochondria

  Anaerobic: without oxygen

  Equation - Glucose -> lactic acid

  Glucose:

  • Incomplete breakdown
  • less energy released -> oxygen debt

  Lactic Acid:

  • Build up in muscles causes fatigue
• Respiration -

  Anaerobic respiration in yeast:

  Equation - Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

  Ethanol:

  • extracted and made into alcohol

  Carbon dioxide:

  • Bread making
• Metabolism: sum of all reactions in the body

  • Glucose

  -> starch

  -> glycogen

  -> cellulose

  • Lipids ( fatty acids and glycerol)
  • Amino acids ( glucose + nitrate ions)

  -> proteins

  Nitrate ions: ( in plants )

  -> soil

  -> active transport

  • Respiration