Functional Groups

• Alkenes – at least 1 sp hybridized: c=c
• Alkanes – also known as paraffin
• Alkynes – triple bonds known as acetylene
• Alkyl Halides - A carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms

  bonded to halogen atom(s).
• Alcohols - A carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms bonded to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group
• Ethers - Two carbon atoms or two chain(s) of carbon atoms bonded to the same oxygen atom.
• Amines - One to three carbon atoms or one to three chains of carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom of an amino group
• 3 types of Amines:

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
• Nitro Compounds - A carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom of a nitro group.
• Thiols - A carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms bonded to the sulfur atom of a sulfhydryl group.
• Sulfides - Two carbon atoms or two chains of carbon atoms bonded to the same sulfur atom.
• Aldehydes - A carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms and a hydrogen atom bonded to the C=O.
• Ketones - Two carbon atoms or two chains of carbon atoms bonded to the opposite sides of the C=O.
• Carboxylic Acid - A carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms and a hydroxyl bonded to the C=O.
• Esters - A carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms and an ether-like oxygen atom bonded to the C=O
• Amides - A carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms and an amine-like nitrogen bonded to the C=O
• Acyl halides - A carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms and a halogen atom bonded to the C=O.
• Acid Anhydrides - Two C=O’s bonded to the same oxygen atom where each C=O is still bonded to a carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms.
• Nitriles - A carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon atom of a cyanide group.
• Acyl Phosphates - A carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms and a phosphate group attached to the C=O
• cycloalkyne

  
• cycloalkane

  
• cycloalkene

  
• Aromatics

  
• Alcohol

  
• Phenol

  
• Ether

  
• Aldehyde

  
• Ketone

  
• Alkyl halides

  
• Carboxylic acid

  
• Ester

  
• Acid anhydride

  
• Primary amide

  
• Acyl halide

  
• Thiol

  
• Thioether

  
• Primary amine

  
• Secondary amine

  
• Tertiary amine