module 2-4

• Olivastri (WHO ARE THE VISAYANS)


  Olive Skinned and tanned
• Mailum


  A color a bit darker than that natural to the Visayan, although not dark like the Ati
• Women are a bit lighter than men
• Male clothing


  • Upper (kanggan): black or blue collarless jacket with short sleeves
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  • Lower (bahag): strip of cloth wrapped around the waist
  • Blanket or another length of cloth as clothing
• Red jacket


  Worn by chief, black or blue worn by those below his rank
• Bare chest element was a matter of masculine pride
• Male headgear

  • Putong (headgear consisting of a piece of cloth)
  • Red putong (magalong): if the wearer killed a man
  • Embroidered putong made of abaca: had killed at least seven
• Female clothing

  • Upper (baro/kamisa): jacket with sleeves
  • Lower (saya/patadyong): loose skirt
  • Tapis: red or white cloth usually wrapped around the waist
• Gold was abundant in mines and used for ornaments like armlets (Kalumbiga), pendants, bracelets, gold rings, earrings and even leglets
• Decorative dentistry

  • Sangka: leveling using slander stone file
  • Variations: opening the space between teeth, grinding them to saw points
• Teeth coloring

  • Chewing of anipay root: black
  • Red akha ant egg: red
  • Habitual chewing of betel nut
• Betel nut


  Fruit of areca palm (bonga) chewed together with a leaf of the betel piper vine, sprinkled with lime (made of shells)
• Preparation, exchange, and serving of betel nut was the most important social act among Visayans
• For romance and courtship, giving partially chewed quid was an act of flirtation
• Youth chewing betel nut caused giddiness, similar to the effect of alcohol
• A young lady's first chew of betel nut was part of her puberty rite
• Tudruk or Tugbuk (Penis Pin) and Sakra (Penis Ring)


  Used to add spice and excitement to their sexual lifestyle, required manipulation by women to insert and could not be withdrawn until the male organ was completely relaxed
• Women considered the penis pins/rings as a compliment and were proud of it, they would not let a man approach them who did not have a sakra
• Circumcision/Tuli


  Supercision rather than circumcision (cut lengthwise), uncircumcised called 'pisot' (an unripe fruit), done for hygienic purposes with no ceremony required
• In Islam, the term used for circumcision is 'magislam' meaning the ceremony
• Tattooing (batuk)


  • Symbol of male valor and test of manhood
  • Enhance beauty of man or woman
  • Exhibit man's war record (served as their war medals)
  • Tigma: first taste of war and sex
  • Tiklad: first conquest in either love or sex
• More masculine tattoos were on the arms and face
• Visayans: Pintados

  Visayas: Islas del los Pintados
• Tattooing process


  Tracing the designs of the body with an ink made from pitch soots

  2. Pricked them into the skin with a small tool set with a number of short needles like the teeth of a comb

  3. Rubbed soot into the fresh wound (may cause high fever and occasionally infection and death)
• Baug


  Healing process where wounds are swollen
• Visayan considered broad faces with receding forehead and flat noses handsome, and compressed their babies skulls to achieve this look
• Tangad


  Comblike set of thin rods bound to a baby's forehead by bandages fastened at some point behind, prevented the forward growth of the frontal bone
• Ear piercing


  • 1-2 holes for men, 3-4 for female

  Earrings with or without pendants held by thin gold pins run through the ear and fastened behind

  Earplugs required holes as wide as two fingers or lobes disintended into loops through which a person could stick his fist
• Men's rings touched their fingers, the swinging motion of these huge gold rings was part of their attractiveness
• Hair styles

  • Either "hair down to their waist", "shoulder length", or "pulled their back into a knot at the nape of the neck"

  The Spaniards wanted to cut their hair

  Both men and women had their eyebrows shaved
• Perfumes and fragrances


  • Flower, sesame seed oil, ointment and mammal excretion like ambergris, civet or musk
• Smithing was the noblest profession, probably because only the wealthiest datus had the means to import the raw material, and the greatest chiefs were the best iron workers
• Blacksmiths were the ultimate source of all metal tools including swidden farmers' bolos (production)
• Bulawan


  Called the gold
• Gold mining methods

  • Placer mining: gold panning in streams or riverbeds

  Kotkpot or kali: mine through actual excavation
• Panday sa bulawan

  Carvers, modelers and hammerers of gold into shape
• Boats

  • Baroto/canoa: using lawaan tree, 9 meters long and 1.5 meters wide in just 10 days, hewn out of a single trunk

  Karakoa: sleek, double ended cruiser with an elevated fighting deck armships and catwalks mounted on the outrigger supports to seat as many as six banks of paddler
• Visayans had international commerce which extended literally from the Atlantic to the Pacific
• Magellan's friends included a Luzon businessman who was governor of the Muslims in Portuguese Malacca, and the sultan of Brunei's Manila son-in-law had a Makassarese slave who could speak Spanish
• Fishing methods

  • Nets: Paggiyod (dragnets used in shallow water), Baring (nets woven like loose cloth for catching hipon), Howar (nets with the widest mesh used in swams)

  Rivers dammed to lead fish into nets or traps (such as corrals or bakod)

  Roots, barks, or berries of more than a dozen different trees called tubli squeezed into the water to stun the fish

  Rattan basket then traps (bobo) set in creeks

  Hook and line (rombos)

  Harpoon: Kalawit or isi (hunting), Sikap (two pronged fork), Sarapang (real trident with three or four points), Bontal (heavier one for catching seacow/duyong)