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2ND SEM
BIO 30 LEC: Genetics
Lesson 6
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Archibald Garrod
is and English physician who related
gene
and
enzyme
Garrod
studied
Alkaptonuria
Alkaptonuria
is when urine turns
black
when exposed to air
George Beadle
and
Edward
Tatum
discovered one gene one enzyme hypothesis
An enzyme
catalyzes
a step in a
metabolic
reaction
One
gene
one
protein
:
Not all proteins are
enzymes.
They are
gene
products
Gene
contains info for making one
RNA
Promoter is a DNA sequence which
transcription
enzyme binds
RNA polymerase
is the MAIN enzyme for
transcription
One gene one polypeptide
Hemoglobin has
2
alpha and beta chains
Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions
Gene
contains information for 1 RNA and
polypeptide
Promoter is a DNA sequence which
transcription
enzyme binds
RNA polymerase
is the main enzyme for
transription
Prokaryotic transcription has
10
seq of
TATAAT
and 35 seq of TTGACA
Products of transcription: RNA Types
Messenger
RNA (
mRNA)
carries the message
Products of transcription: RNA Types
transfer RNA
(
tRNA
) brins amino acids to synthesis site
Products of transcription: RNA Types
ribosomal RNA
(
rRNA
) is major component of ribosomes
In prokaryotic ribosome: 70S
30S
(Svedberg value) with 16 S rRNA and
21
ribosomal proteins
In prokaryotic ribosome:
70S
50
S with
23
S rRNA , 5 S rRNA, 31 ribosomal proteins
In eukaryotic ribosome:
80
S
mammalian has
40S
with
18S rRNA
+ 30-35 proteins
In eukaryotic ribosome:
80
S
60S with
5.8S
rRNA + 28S + 5S rRNA +
40-45r
proteins
In eukaryotic transcription, promoters have
25-30 TATA
box or
Goldberg-Hogness
Box and 75-80 CAAT box
Codon is a 3 base sequence in
mRNA
Anticodon
is a 3 base sequence in a
tRNA
Genetic
code is a set of 64
codons
Polypeptide
is a single
protein
chain
Formula
for Translation:
mRNA +
Ribosomes
+ tRNAs with
aa
George Gamow
proposed
genetic coding system
Marianne Grunberg-Manago
and Severo Ochoa made synthetic RNAs using polynucleotide
phosphorylase
Marshall Nirenberg and Johann Heinrich Matthaei produced artificial
mRNA
and
cell free system
poly
U (
UUU
) = polyphenylalanine
Poly C (CCC) =
proline
Har Gobind Khorana
constructed different repeating
nucleotide
combinations (UCU, CUC)
Characteristic of genetic code:
triplet
code
continuous
non
overlapping
universal
degenerate
start
and
stop
signals
wobble
in
anticodon
unambigous
Yanofsky
=
linear
correspondence in DNA seq and amino acids
Genomics
refers to molecular analysis of entire
genome
of species
Genomics
is possible due to rapid development of
genetic technology
2 types of genomics
structural
functional
structural genomics
is the direct analysis of
DNA
itself
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