PE CH3

• Isotonic


  Muscle contraction in which the muscle under tension ethier shortens or lengthens
• Isometric


  Muscle contraction where the muscle is under tension but no movement occurs
• Concentric

  Isotonic muscle movement in which a muscle contracts and gets shorter
• Eccentric 


  Isotonic movement in which the muscle under tension lenghtens
• Agonist


  The prime mover - the muscle that contrals the body movement
• Antagonist

  The opposite muscle to the antagonist - relaxes while the agonist contracts
• Peformance analysis


  Identifies where improvements can be made to muscle strength and flexabality and so mobolity
• Levers


  Levers in the body allow us to create movement by applying force or effort
• Levers are made up of three components:

  Load - resitance - the weight or load that needs to be moved - square

  Fulcrum - pivot - the joint around which the lever rotates - triangle

  Effort - force - the force generated by the muscles - arrow
• First class lever


  Effort, Fulcrum , Load

  Most efficient

  Sporting example - neck when headering the ball in football
• Second class lever

  Force , lever , effort

  Sporting example - ankle movements
• Third class lever


  Force , effort, load

  Least efficent as more force is put into the effort than is apllied to the load so is not the most efficient in terms of moving load

  Sporting example - e.g bicep curl
• Planes of movement


  The body moves through three different imagnery planes: saggital, frontal and transverse
• Saggital plane


  From back to front - cutting the body into left and right

  ALoows for flexion and extension at the shoulder and hip
• Frontal plane


  From left to the right - cutting the body into front and

  Allow for abduction and adduction and the shoulder and hip
• Transverse 


  From top to bottom

  Allowing circumduction at the shoulder and hip
• Axes of movement 


  The bodys movements occur around theses lines known as axes: saggital , vertical and frontal
• Saggital axes


  Back to front to front
• Frontal axes


  Through hips - left to right
• Veritcal axes

  Verticaly from bottom to top
• Technology in sport


  The use of such equipment at a high profile level focuses on marginal gains - the commercalisation of these products mean the product is seen as elite rather than the peformer
• Commercialisation


  Something (sport) becoming managed or exploited to make money from it
• Technology and peformance

  Used before, during and post competition

  It is used in training and to analyse peformance of themselves (athletes) and others
• Typically, and athlete will use technology to support them with:

  Training methods and programmes

  Choice of equipment

  Development of techniques

  Analysing competition
• Technology in officiating

  As market value of sport has increased through factors such as commercialisateion and sponsorships there is an increased pressure om the competition officals to make correct decisions
• Officals use technology for:

  Microphone communication - rapid communication between officals on and off the pitch

  Decision making in terms of video, audio and movement technology allowing more accurate decisions - such as VAR

  Statistical information for fouls, freekicks, cards

  Downside - loss of spirit of the game
• Technology in coaching - reasons for technology

  Match/individual analysis making judgements more objective, relying on data rather than opinion

  Technical analysis of individuals movement, speed , accuracu and so on to identify strengths and areas of weaknesses

  Team selection based on quantative data
• Peformance analysis

  The use of data and effective feedback are vital for success

  The analysis and presentation of data helps to:

  Identify strengths and weaknesses

  Prevent injury

  Devolop tactics

  Improve technique
• Technology and spectating

  Wider coverage of sports and more cameras within specific sports

  The avalability of statistical information

  Mobile digital technology and social media platforms allowing access to games, information and coverage all day every day
• Sponsorship defintion


  Where money, goods, faacilites and so on are exchanged for endorsement and advertising
• Globalisation definition

  The development of something (sport) accross the world
• Quantative data

  Information/data focusing on figures
• Feedback


  Information on the success of the output
• Notational analysis

  Recording of information with the data usually quantative
• Technology in Athletes

  ADVANTAGES:

  • Potentially better peformance
  • Quicker recovery from injury
  • More objective and specific feedback
  • Improved equipment

  DISADVANTAGES:

  • Peformance sometimes lacks ownership
  • High cost
  • Lack of personal touch
  • Lack of privacy
• Technology in Coaching

  Advantage:

  • Information more objective, accurate and specififc
  • Allows better focus in training
  • Clear indetification of needs - helps team selection

  DISADVANTAGE

  • Encourges a less reactive approach
  • Lack of human element - motivating
  • Basic facts dont give a rounded picture
• Technology in Officiating

  ADVANTAGE:

  • Less pressure on individuals
  • Information can be spread easier
  • Decisions more reliable and accurate
  • Increased condidence and trust in their abilites

  DISADVANTAGE

  • Reduces accountability
  • Not available at all levels of competition
  • Lack of trust in personal decions when technology isnt used
• Technology in Spectators

  ADVANTAGE:

  • Engagement even from distance
  • Improved courage
  • Closer relationship with the athletes
  • More information

  DISADVANTAGES:

  • Loss of involvement with actual play
  • Concentrates on the spectator rather than the sport
  • Sport becomes less accessible due to cost
  • Too many ties with sponsorship and over commercialisation
• Fitness


  The ability of an individual to meet the demands of the enviroment