Lithosphere Final

• 4 Layers of Earth

  • Crust
  • Mantle
  • Outer Core
  • Inner Core
• Crust - you lived on, most widely studied and understood.
• 2 types of crust

  • Oceanic Crust
  • Continental Crust
• what rock is found in oceanic crust? basalt
• what rock is found in continental rock?

  Granite
• mantle - much hotter, largest mass
• • Rigid/Uppermost - with crust that forms Lithosphere 
• • Asthenosphere - middle part and semi-rigid of upper mantle
• • Lower mantle - hot and dense
• Lithosphere - crust and uppermost layer make up the zone
• Lithospheric/Crustal Plates - the plates float on the soft, semi-rigid, or plastic (asthenosphere)
• Convection Current - the heavy material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling and sinking again - repeating this cycle over and over.
• Core - has a radius of 2100 miles and contains 1/3 of Earth's mass.
• • Outer Core - so hot that metals in it are in liquid state. composed of melted nickel and iron
• • Inner Core - temperatures and pressures so great that the metals are squeezed together and are not able to move about like a liquid
• Density of materials - (rocks, minerals) greatest in the center (core), and decreases towards the surface
• Gravitational Force - strongest at the center, decreasing towards the surface (Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation)
• Temperature - decreases from center to the periphery.
• Pressure - decreases from center to periphery 
• Layers - in earth's internal structure are differentiated by composition, density, temperature and other characteristics
• Earth's interior is an immense reservoir of minerals and geothermal energy
• Earth’s Crust - composed of rocks
• rocks are primarily composed of minerals and also contain organic materials.
• • granite and basalt of continental and oceanic were the original, igneous rocks.
• mineral - naturally occurring inorganic substance
• Rock - an aggregate of mineral particles, may contain organic materials
• Layers of Rock

  Bedrock → Outcrop → Regolith → Soils
• Rock Classification

  • Igneous Rocks
  • Sedimentary Rocks
  • Metamorphic Rocks
• 2 Types of Igneous Rocks

  • Volcanic (Extrusive) IR
  • Plutonic (Intrusive) IR
• • Volcanic (Extrusive) Igneous Rocks - form on earth’s surface as lava cools.
• • Basalt - most widespread volcanic rock
• Plutonic (Intrusive) Igneous Rocks - form deep underground where magma cools slowly; these rocks have a coarse crystalline texture
• Granite - most widespread of plutonic igneous rocks.
• Sedimentary rocks - form through lithification of sediments from other rocks.
• • Lithification Process: Compaction, Cementation, and Crystallization
• Subclasses of Sedimentary Rocks

  • Clastic
  • Chemical
  • Organic
• Clastic - form from bits and pieces of other rocks
• Chemical - consist of minerals deposited from a solution 
• Organic - consist of organic matter such as plants and animal remains (fossil, limestone, coal)
• Metamorphic Rocks - form via recrystallization of other rocks due to heat, pressure, and chemical alteration