biology

• Why is (control) used?

  - as a control - to show effect of x - to show that x does not affect results - to show that only y causes the change - may be used as baseline value to investigate effect of treatments
• Why is a representative sample important?

  - more reliable mean
• Mitosis is important in the life of an organism. State reasons why. [4] MS

  1. Growth / increase in cell number; 2. Replace cells / repair tissue / organs / body; 3. Genetically identical cells; 4. Asexual reproduction / cloning;
• A decrease in temperature decreases the kinetic energy of molecules in a solution. Explain how a decrease in temperature decreases the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction. MS [2]

  molecules moving less/slower;reduces chance of collision (between enzyme and substrate)/of enzyme-substrate complexes being formed;
• Explain why an electron microscope shows more detail of cell structure than a light microscope [2]

  electron microscope has a greater resolving power / objects closer together can be distinguishedelectron (beams) have a shorter wavelength;
• Abdominal pumping increases the efficiency of gas exchange between the tracheoles and muscle tissue of the insect. Explain why. ( 2 marks)

  More air / oxygen enters / air / oxygen enters quickly / quicker; (So) maintains / greater diffusion or concentration gradient;
• Recall the uses of ATP. [6]

  provides energy for - synthesis of macromolecules - muscle contraction - active transport - secretion Phosphate Released: - phosphorylation of molecules - can active other key bio molecules
• What are the 3 aspects to consider when choosing a temperature for an experiment?

  - sufficient kinetic energy - does not denature proteins - optimum
• Explain the function of the golgi apparatus + vesicles

  Packages and mods proteins (e.g adding a carbohydrate to it)Vesicles transport proteins + lipids out of the cell to the CS membrane (using exocytosis)
• How are SEM images created?

  e- beam is directed from abovee- beams are scattered which are analysed by a computer to build a 3-D image.
• what are the functions of glycoproteins? [2]

  - act as recognition sites - help cells attach to one another + form tissues (e.g lymphocytes can recognise an organism's own cells)
• Cryospheric water is [...] on the Earth's [...].

  Cryospheric water is the water locked up on the Earth's surface as ice.
• Briefly explain what the hydrosphere is

  The layer of water at or near the Earth's surface. It includes all liquid and frozen surface waters, groundwater held in soil & rock and atmospheric water vapour.
• What is terrestrial water?

  The water in groundwater, soil moisture, lakes, wetland and rivers
• Complete the following: All water - Oceans: [...] - Fresh water [...] Fresh water - Ice caps and glaciers 79% - Groundwater 20% - Easily accessible surface freshwater 1% Easily accessible surface freshwater - Lakes 52% - Soil moisture 38% - Atmospheric water vapour 1% - Water within living organisms 1% - Rivers 1%


  Complete the following: All water - Oceans: 97% - Fresh water 3% Fresh water - Ice caps and glaciers 79% - Groundwater 20% - Easily accessible surface freshwater 1% Easily accessible surface freshwater - Lakes 52% - Soil moisture 38% - Atmospheric water vapour 1% - Water within living organisms 1% - Rivers 1%
• Complete the following: All water - Oceans: 97% - Fresh water 3% Fresh water - Ice caps and glaciers [...] - Groundwater [...] - Easily accessible surface freshwater [...] Easily accessible surface freshwater - Lakes 52% - Soil moisture 38% - Atmospheric water vapour 1% - Water within living organisms 1% - Rivers 1%


  Complete the following: All water - Oceans: 97% - Fresh water 3% Fresh water - Ice caps and glaciers 79% - Groundwater 20% - Easily accessible surface freshwater 1% Easily accessible surface freshwater - Lakes 52% - Soil moisture 38% - Atmospheric water vapour 1% - Water within living organisms 1% - Rivers 1%
• Complete the following: All water - Oceans: 97% - Fresh water 3% Fresh water - Ice caps and glaciers 79% - Groundwater 20% - Easily accessible surface freshwater 1% Easily accessible surface freshwater - Lakes [...] - Soil moisture [...] - Atmospheric water vapour [...] - Water within living organisms [...] - Rivers [...]


  Complete the following: All water - Oceans: 97% - Fresh water 3% Fresh water - Ice caps and glaciers 79% - Groundwater 20% - Easily accessible surface freshwater 1% Easily accessible surface freshwater - Lakes 52% - Soil moisture 38% - Atmospheric water vapour 1% - Water within living organisms 1% - Rivers 1%
• The lithosphere consists of water [...]


  The lithosphere consists of water stored in the crust and upper mantle
• Sea ice forms when...? Why does it not raise sea level?

  Water in the oceans is cooled to temperatures below freezing. It does not raise sea level because it is formed from ocean water.
• Where do ice sheets form?


  In area where snow that falls in winter does not melt entirely over the summer.
• Ice caps are [...] that are smaller than [...].


  Ice caps are thick layers of ice that are smaller than 50,0002.
• Ice caps are usually found in [...].

  Ice caps are usually found in mountainous areas.
• Alpine glaciers are [...] found in deep valleys or upland hollows. They are important in the Himalays specifically in that they form a [...] which supports perennial rivers. This leads to an important source of water for millions of people in South Asian countries such as India


  Alpine glaciers are thick masses of ice found in deep valleys or upland hollows. They are important in the Himalays specifically in that they form a unique reservoir which supports perennial rivers. This leads to an important source of water for millions of people in South Asian countries such as India
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• State the four classes that terrestrial water falls under:

  Surface water Groundwater Soil water Biological water
• Surface water is the [...] as the well as water of ponds and lakes

  Surface water is the free-flowing water of rivers as the well as water of ponds and lakes
• Surface water is the free-flowing water of rivers as the well as water of [...]

  Surface water is the free-flowing water of rivers as the well as water of ponds and lakes
• Rivers make up how much of all water in terms of surface area?

  1,000,000 kms or 0.0002 %
• True or false: the majority of lakes in the world are salt water

  False: They are mostly freshwater
• In which Hemisphere are there more lakes?

  Northern, particularly in Canada
• What is a wetland?

  An area of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing where there is a dominance by vegetation.
• Explain a wetland in simple terms
• Why are wetlands so biodiverse?

  They can support aquatic and terrestrial species. Prolonged presence of water creates conditions that favour the growth of specially adapted plants and promotes wetland-specific soils.
• Groundwater is...
• What is the water table?
• Why is the amount of groundwater decreasing?
• What is 'soil water'?

  Water held together with air in the unsaturated upper weathered layers of the Earth.
• Finish this sentence Soil moisture is a key variable in controlling the [...] and [...] between the land surface and the atmospher through evaporation and transpiration

  Finish this sentence Soil moisture is a key variable in controlling the exchange of water and heat energy between the land surface and the atmospher through evaporation and transpiration
• Finish this sentence Soil moisture is a key variable in controlling the exchange of water and heat energy between the land surface and the atmospher through [...]


  Finish this sentence Soil moisture is a key variable in controlling the exchange of water and heat energy between the land surface and the atmospher through evaporation and transpiration
• Suggest why the atmosphere is very dry in the poles but very humid in the tropics.

  Cold air struggles to hold much water vapour. Comparatively, hot air carries a lot of water vapour.