Anatomy Unit Test 1

• Exothermic

  Releases heat
• Endothermic

  Absorbs heat
• metabolic rate

  the rate at which the body uses energy
• metabolism

  All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
• catabolism

  Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
• anabolism

  Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
• Carbohydrates


  Broken down to glucose to provide energy.CHO atoms
• Protiens


  concentrated source of energy for the body
• saturated lipids


  all single bonds, solid at room temp.,ex: butter, wax,blubber
• unsaturated lipids


  Fatty acids with one or more double bonds
• steroids


  lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
• gastrointestinal tract


  the structures of the digestive system
• amalyse


  Enzyme in saliva that breaks that starts chemical digestion of carbohydrates
• mucus


  lubricant that helps swallowing
• Bolus


  A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva
• gastroesophageal sphincter


  Muscle that connects the esophagus and stomach, and helps keep the stomach contents in the stomach
• chyme


  Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.
• pyloric sphincter


  Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine
• Mucosa


  The innermost layer of the human digestive tract; in some parts of the digestive system, it contains mucus-secreting cells and glands that secrete digestive enzymes
• Submucosa


  A layer of the human digestive system that contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes
• muscularis


  smooth muscle allows for churning of food
• serosa


  outermost layer, prevents friction between organs
• pepsinogen


  inactive form of pepsin
• pepsin


  Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach
• acid reflux


  backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus
• H.pylori


  bacteria that causes peptic ulcers
• lacteal


  the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine that absorb digested fats.
• duodenum


  first part of the small intestine, where most enzymes are added.
• cholecystokinin


  a hormone that is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas.
• secretin


  Digestive hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize acid in duodenum.
• trypsinogen


  inactive form of trypsin
• Trypsin


  fully breaks down proteins, converts other proenzymes into their active form
• enterokinase


  converts trypsinogen to trypsin
• lipases


  enzymes that break down lipids into fatty acid molecules
• pancreas


  An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
• pancreatic duct


  conducts pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the small intestine
• gallbladder


  stores and concentrates bile
• alimentary canal


  the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
• accessory organs


  The accessory organs secrete fluids into the tract that aid in digestion. Food does not pass through the accessory organs.
• villi


  Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption