envi finals exam

• the release of pollutants into the air—pollutants which are detrimental to human health and the planet as a whole

  air pollution
• examples of air pollution


  Natural: dust, wildfires, volcanoes, and

  plants

  • Human activities: burning fossil fuels;

  car use
• examples of air pollution


  Natural: dust, wildfires, volcanoes, and

  plants

  • Human activities: burning fossil fuels;

  car use
• major outdoor air pollutants

  Carbon oxides

  • Nitrogen oxides and nitric acid

  • Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid

  • Particulates: suspended particulate

  matter

  • Ozone

  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) –

  Hydrocarbons, methane, benzene, and

  liquid solvent
• smoke plus fog


  smog
• a mix of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, and particulates

  industrial smog
• a mix of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, and particulates

  industrial smog
• a mix of primary/secondary pollutants/chemicals formed in light activated reactions

  photochemical smog
• The simplest devices for controlling particulates

  settling chambers
• The most popular, economical, and effective means of controlling particulates

  cyclones
• used for controlling particulates operate like the common vacuum cleaner

  bag(fabric) filters
• used for controlling particulates operate like the common vacuum cleaner

  bag(fabric) filters
• The spray tower or ______ is an effective method for removing large particulates.


  scrubber
• the particulate matter is removed by being charged by electrons jumping from one high-voltage electrode to the other and then migrating to the positively charged collecting electrode.

  electrostatic precipitators
• the particulate matter is removed by being charged by electrons jumping from one high-voltage electrode to the other and then migrating to the positively charged collecting electrode.

  electrostatic precipitators
• can remove gaseous pollutants by simply dissolving them in the water.

  wet scrubbers
• can remove gaseous pollutants by simply dissolving them in the water.

  wet scrubbers
• a useful method when it is possible to bring the pollutant into contact with an efficient ________, such as activated carbon

  adsorber
• a useful method when it is possible to bring the pollutant into contact with an efficient ________, such as activated carbon

  adsorber
• used when an organic pollutant can be oxidized to CO2 and water

  incineration or flaring
• the process of spreading the emission over a large area, thereby reducing the concentration of the specific pollutants.

  dispersion
• The plume spread or dispersion is in two dimensions:


  horizontal and vertical
• types of plumes


  looping, coning, fanning, fumigation

  
• the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act”

  ra 9003
• NSWMC


  National solid waste management commission
• NEC


  national ecology center
• solid waste sources

  • Municipal Waste Sources

  • Industrial Waste Sources

  • Agricultural Waste Sources

  • Mineral Extraction Sources
• types of municipal solid waste

  Paper wastes

  • Yard wastes

  • Glass wastes

  • Metal wastes

  • Plastic wastes

  • Food wastes
• types of industrial solid wastes


  Similar to municipal solid wastes, plus

  • Varied specialized waste
• generation rates of municipal and industrial solid waste

  Municipal solid waste

  – 4 lb./person-day

  • Industrial solid waste

  – 5 lb./person-day
• The recovery and reuse of products that would otherwise be thrown away.

  recycling
• controlled aerobic partial degradation of organic wastes

  composting
• the placement of wastes into the land under controlled conditions to minimize their migration or effect on the surrounding environment.

  landfilling
• the placement of wastes into the land under controlled conditions to minimize their migration or effect on the surrounding environment.

  landfilling
• putting wastes onto or into the ground illegally or legally in an unregulated manner

  dumping
• landfill types

  a long trench is

  initially dug to a depth and

  width sufficient to contain

  the anticipated volume of

  wastes for some period,

  typically moths or years.

  trench method
• landfill types

  This

  approach, which utilizes natural contours of the land, can also make good use of abandoned surface mines and quarries.

  ravine or depression method
• landfill types

  Rather than disposing of loose solid waste from collection or transport vehicles, some landfills accept baled waste, which is much more dense.

  bale disposal
• controlled combustion of materials.

  incineration
• top 10 environmental issues

  pollution

  population

  climate change

  loss of bjodiversity

  phosphorus and nitrogen cycles

  water

  ocean acidification

  ozone depletion

  over fishing

  deforestation