Physical Properties (Intensive and Extensive Properties)

• Matter


  Anything that has mass and takes up space
• Atoms


  Individual tiny particles that matter is composed of
• States of matter

  • Solids
  • Liquids
  • Gases
• Solids

  • Have a definite shape and volume
• Liquids

  • Have a definite volume but no definite shape, take the shape of their container
• Gases


  • Can flow, have no definite shape or volume
• Fluids


  Liquids and gases that can flow
• Viscosity


  Measure of a fluid's resistance to flow
• Density

  Mass divided by volume
• Solids have a very high density, liquids also have high density, gases have very low density
• Density of solid water (ice) is less than density of liquid water
• Compressibility

  • Gases are highly compressible, solids and liquids are only slightly compressible
• Phase change


  Process of changing from one state of matter to another
• Phase change processes

  • Melting (solid to liquid)
  • Vaporization (liquid to gas)
  • Sublimation (solid to gas)
  • Freezing (liquid to solid)
  • Condensation (gas to liquid)
  • Deposition (gas to solid)
  • Ionization (gas to plasma)
  • Recombination (plasma to gas)
• Endothermic processes


  Require absorption of heat (melting, vaporization, sublimation)
• Exothermic processes

  Require release of heat (freezing, condensation, deposition)
• Plasma

  Fourth state of matter, ionized gas
• Plasma conducts electricity, unlike neutral gas
• Plasma is present in the sun, neon signs, lightning, and fire
• Recombination of ions and electrons in plasma emits light and heat