chapter 25

• Estrogens are chemically similar to ____________ and enhance NaCl reabsorption by the renal tubules.

  aldosterone
• A condition that results from solute loss, water retention, or both

  Hyponatremia.
• An excess amount of potassium in the ECF

  Hyperkalemia.
• The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________.

  the concentration of K+ in the ECF
• Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause

  hypocalcemia
• The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________.

  sodium
• The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________.

  Na+
• Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

  sodium
• Which of the following would increase sodium excretion?

  Progesterone
• hich of the following is the most important process affected by calcium levels?

  Neuromuscular excitability
• What happens when the concentration of Na+ decreases in the ascending limb of the nephron ?

  Aldosterone levels increase
• The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as __________.

  hyponatremia
• Which of the following would increase sodium excretion?

  Progesterone
• The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________.

  Na+
• Which condition would cause a drop in pH?

  Hypoventilation
• Which statement about acids is true?

  Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution
• Which of the following phrases describes bicarbonate ions?

  Referred to as the alkaline reserve
• Which of the following phrases describes the protein buffer system?

  The most powerful intracellular buffering system
• Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3)

  Bicarbonate buffer system.
• true or false: Ventilation will have a significant effect on pH, but pH will remain within normal physiological limits.  

  false
• Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________.

  Na+ transport
• Which of the following is the correct sequence of buffer system response from fastest to slowest?

  Chemical buffers, respiratory system, renal
• Which of the following is not a significant source of hydrogen ions in the body?

  Inspiration of carbon dioxide
• Effective buffer in urine where phosphate concentrations are usually higher

   phosphate buffer system.
• Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + NaH2PO4.

   

  Na2HPO4 + H2O (phosphate buffer system)
• Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base

  Phosphate buffer system.
• One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________.

  generating new HCO3-
• Which of the following is the correct sequence of buffer system response from fastest to slowest?

  Chemical buffers, respiratory system, renal
• Which of the following is not a significant source of hydrogen ions in the body?

  Inspiration of carbon dioxide
• Match the following buffer systems with its correct product: HCl + NaHCO3.

  H2CO3 + NaCl
• Match the following buffer system with its appropriate example: Bicarbonate buffer system.

  Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3)
• Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4)

  Phosphate buffer system.
• Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + H2CO3

  NaHCO3 + H2O
• Match the following buffer systems with its correct product: HCl + NaHCO3.

  H2CO3 + NaCl
• Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis.

  7.0 and 7.35
• Match the following buffer system with its correct product: HCl + Na2HPO4

  NaH2PO4 + NaCl
• Which of the following is not a significant source of hydrogen ions in the body?

  Inspiration of carbon dioxide
• Only the ________ can rid the body of nonvolatile (fixed ) acids.

  kidneys
• Which of these combinations of values would help you determine if your patient was suffering from metabolic acidosis?

  • Increased blood HCO3levels and decreased pH
• Which of the following would likely be increased by the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

  water excretion by the kidneys