Ap psych chp 4.5.6.

• Identifying


  • Items previously learned
  • Multiple choice questions
• Relearning


  • Learning something more quickly if it's the 2nd time
  • Relearning a language culminating in childhood
• Priming


  Unconscious activation of memory by association
• Priming example


  • Yellow banana
• Serial position effect


  Tendency to recall best the last (recency) and first items (primacy) in a list
• Anterograde amnesia


  Inability to form new memories
• Retrograde amnesia


  Inability to retrieve old memories
• Cognition


  Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering & communicating information
• Concept


  Mental grouping of similar objects
• Prototype


  Mental image/best example of a category
• Confirmation bias


  Searching for information supporting preconceptions and ignoring contradictions
• Mental set


  Approaching in a way that has been successful in the past
• Intuition


  Effortless, automatic feeling/thought
• Representative heuristic


  Judging based on how something visually looks
• Availability heuristic


  Estimating likelihood of events based on mental availability
• Belief perseverance


  Staying with belief formed from initial interaction, making illogical conclusions to confirm preexisting beliefs
• Phoneme


  Smallest distinctive sound unit
• Morpheme


  Smallest unit that carries meaning
• Babbling stage


  24 months - utters various sounds ex. do-da
• One-word


  1. 1/2 years - Speaking one-word sentences ex. doggy
• Two-word


  22 months - Speaks two-word sentences ex. big dog
• Telegraphic speech


  AXA 2-word sentences ex. dog run
• Broca's area


  Controls language expression
• Wernicke's area


  Controls language reception
• Aphasia


  Impairment of language
• Functional fixedness


  Bias that limits a person's ability to use an object in more ways
• Linguistic relativity hypothesis


  Language used might control our thinking
• Semantic memory


  General knowledge of the world, facts, meanings, categories
• Episodic memory


  Memories of specific events
• Proactive interference


  Disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
• Retroactive interference


  Disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information
• Algorithm


  Logical rule guaranteeing a particular solution
• Heuristic


  Simple thinking allowing judgements & problem solving, a rule of thumb
• Reliability


  Repeatability/consistency of a test
• Validity


  Measures what it's supposed to measure, accuracy of a test
• Predictive validity


  Measure of future performance
• Construct validity


  Measure of what a test intends to measure
• Fluid intelligence


  Ability to solve abstract problems & pick up new information
• Crystallized intelligence


  Using knowledge accumulated over time
• Mental age


  Increases as one gets older (Alfred Binet)