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• Alfred McCoy


  J.R.W Smail Professor of History at the University of Wiscondin-Madison who specializes in Southeast Asia
• Alfred McCoy


  Author of Analysis of Political cartoons in time of American occupation (he is analyzing the problem of the Philippines during the American era, kung ano ang mga nangyayari, ginagawa ng politics in this time together with Alfredo Roces)
• Alfred McCoy born in Massachusetts, USA


  June 8, 1945
• Alfred McCoy


  • He has written about and testified before Congress on, Philippine political history, opium trafficking in the Golden Triangle, underworld crime syndicates, and international political surveillance (he specialized the Philippine Political History in the Philippines)
• Alfredo Roces


  Philippine Cartoons – Political Caricatures of the American Era 1900 – 1941
• Filipino artists recorded national attitudes toward the coming of the Americans as well as the changing mores and times
• While the 377 cartoons compiled in this book speak for themselves, historian Alfred McCoy's extensive research in Philippine and American archives provides a comprehensive background not only to the cartoons but to the turbulent period as well
• Artist-writer Alfredo Roces, who designed the book, contributes an essay on Philippine graphic satire of the period
• Pedro Chua


  Informant who wrote the Philippines Free Press alleging that senior police were accepting bribes from Chinese gambling houses in Binondo and Quiapo districts
• Publication of Chua's letter sparked allegations that led eventually to "the suicide of a police chief"
• Vicente Sotto's Independent insisted, in this editorial cartoon, that Chua charges were accurate. Such allegations of police corruption in gambling law enforcement were a constant theme in cartoons throughout the American period
• Fernando Amorsolo, gives the illustration his usual racist edge
• Francis B. Harrison


  Governor who made a tentative move towards reform by denouncing "the rapacious demands of the landlords" and suggesting passage of a bill which set rents at 12 percent of assessed value of the property
• Independent's cartoon depicts Harrison as a hero, his suggested reform was hardly heroic
• "New Bird of Prey"


  An allusion to the most famous libel case in the history of Philippine journalism. In 1908 the nationalist weekly El Renacimiento published an editorial titled Aves de Rapina (Birds of Prey) which attacked the Philippines commission's secretary of the interior, Dean C. Worcester, for abusing his office to exploit the country. Worcester sued for libel and, two years later, won a judgment of P60,000 against El Renacimiento, a colossal sum that forced closure of the paper and sale of its assets
• Vicente Sotto, the publisher of The Independent, never missed a chance to attack the Catholic Church
• The editorial below this cartoon urged the government to confiscate the large priests' residence attached to SantaCruz parish church
• The people should not be made to share the painful congestion of Plaza Goiti and Plaza Santa Cruz while a single priest sit midst a sprawling residence
• The question of Church property was a particularly sensitive one for nationalists In 1906 the Philippine Supreme Court had ruled that the Roman Catholic Church was the legal owner of all disputed properties, thus stripping the nationalistic Aglipayan Church of the parish churches it had occupied right after the revolution. Following this decision, the Aglipayan Church went into decline and nationalists remained embittered over the issue
• The church originally acquired the land shown in this cartoon during the mid-19th century from Alejandro Roces, whose descendants became publishers of the Manila Times. While Sta. Cruz church parish still stands, the controversial parish house became a branch of Phil Trust, a church owned bank
• Americans made major advances in epidemic disease control during the first decades of their rule. Through an arbitrary application of public health regulations, the Board of Health brought tropical disease -- malaria, smallpox, cholera and plague -- under control
• Francis B Harrison's "Filipinization" prrogram, the Board of Health had been turned over to Filipino civil servants who did not administer the public health programs with the same efficiency or arbitrary authority, with bitter irony, the Philippines Free Press editorial commented:
• Philippines Free Press editorial: '"What ho! Manila, the Pearl of the Orient, the best governed city in the Far East,… The new found Garden of Eden …What's happened to this city anyway? Aforetime a mosquito was almost as rare as the dodo …But now there are mosquitos everywhere. Their name is legion. Vampires they are, turning our former delectable and ambrosial nights into hells of torment and nightmares of unrest. What's going to be done about it? How long is our municipal board going to emulate Rip Van Winkle...?"'
• Philippine Asembly – a law authorizing all legislators, active or retired, to bear firearms
• Free Press editorial of February 1921: '"Now, with our legislatorS and officialS able to strut around with a gun or two guns strapped about their manly waists, they will have to be respected. Now there will be no question as to who is running this show, no affront to their personal dignity, no danger of being threated just like ordinary people.'
• It matters not that of late the director of Constabulary has been urging greater and greater restrictions of the license to carry arms… All that matters…is that the official have a chance to show that he is somebody and must be respected
• the annual March ritual of the city-wise student returning home to his village was played out in barrios across the archipelago
• Although graduation and tertiary degree often allowed a villager to leave the barrio for a city civil service post, while still a student he had to return to the village for summer holidays. Having survived the shock of transition from country to city, he could now return home, urbane and smartly dressed, to reap the reward of administration and envy
• Free Press description of this annual ritual in 1929: '"These are the days of the returning student -- the days when he comes into his own. Behold him as he struts along Main Street of his little town or barrio, the cynosure of all eyes, the observed of all observers, a king In his own right, a sort of collegiate Caesar.'
• Free Press description of this annual ritual in 1929: 'Is it any wonder that, under the incense of such flattery, he feels himself a superior being, a conquering hero? Nor let us blame him. For after all the student, like the rest of us, is human, and all of us expand in an atmosphere of homage and hero-worship. Nor do student days and these joyful homecomings last for ever. All too soon comes the stern battle of life with its trials and sorrows and tribulations. So, carpe diem, and be joyful while we may."'
• As social conflict and socialist ideology spread in Central Luzon during the 1930s the Free Press was forced to deal with social substance instead of bucolic trivia in its provincial reportage
• Brothers Under the Skin urges Filipinos, in the name of Rizal whose birthday was following day, to end social conflict and deal with each other fairly. As the Depression worsened, Central Luzon peasants mounted strikes and demonstrations to win tenancy reforms. Refusing concessions, landlords in Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija provinces responded with goon squad repression
• World War I sparked an outburst of pro-American loyalty among Filipinos and transformed Uncle Sam's media image
• The prewar cartoons of 1907-08 showed him as a satanic monster, drawn in Caucasian caricature with great nose, fanged teeth and crooked smile. These three cartoons from war and post war issues of the nationalist newspaper The Independent, by contrast, show him as a figure worthy of Filipino love and respect
• The Loyalty of the Filipinos (below) was published on 14 April 1917, only ten days after the U.S Congress declared war on Germany and America entered the conflict. The artist Fernando Amorsolo draws a wise, handsome Uncle Sam leading little Juan, loyal and smiling, on the road to war
• Accurately gauging America's mood, House speaker Sergio Osmeña won unprecedented political concessions by suspending the independence campaign for the duration and offering the United States 25,000 troops, a destroyer and a submarine
• Despite the country's poverty, Osmeña orchestrated a nationwide loyalty drive which netted $20 million in U.S. war bond sales and $500.000 in Red Cross donations
• Throughout 1933 the battle over acceptance or rejection of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting independence bill continued to divide Philippine politics
• After Senator Osmeña and Speaker Roxas successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress for its passage in 1932, Senator Quezon, fearing loss of leadership if his two rivals returned home heroes, led the battle for rejection
• When all three leaders returned from Washington in June 1933, the struggle for power began in earnest