W7

• N-terminus


  End of a protein that presents the amino terminus
• C-terminus


  End of a protein that present the carboxyl terminus
• Polypeptide backbone


  • Part of protein structure that is generic and forms its main structure
• Side chains


  • Part of protein structure that gives it its unique properties and helps form other structures based on amino acid sequence
• R group


  Other name for side chain
• Post-translation modifications


  Covalent modifications done to proteins after translation
• Domains


  • Structural units of proteins that fold independently of each other
• Major groove


  • Section of DNA that common structural motifs of proteins interact with to read it
• Initiation


  First major step of translation in which ribosomes bind to mRNA and begin translating from the start codon AUG
• Elongations


  Second major step of translation in which the polypeptide chain is elongated over and over until a stop codon is reached
• Termination


  Third and final major step of translation in which a stop codon signals to stop further elongation and release the polypeptide
• Large ribosomal subunit


  • Section of ribosome that is important to translation because it catalyzes the bond forming activity
• Small ribosomal subunit


  • Section of ribosome that is important to translation because it decodes the correct amino acid sequence
• A site


  Site on ribosome at which charged tRNAs enter
• P site


  Site on ribosome at which bond formation is catalyzed and occurs
• E site


  Ribosomal site at which the used tRNA exits the ribosome
• C-terminus


  Site at which amino acids are added to growing polypeptides
• Translation elongation factors


  • Proteins that help improve the efficiency and accuracy of translation by hydrolyzing GTP to drive transitions in ribosome subunits and checking that the right anticodon and codon base pair
• EFTu


  Bacterial translation elongation factor
• Reading frame


  The start codon sets this up for translation
• Methionine


  Amino acid that start codon codes for
• Initiation factors


  • Proteins that help initiate translation
• Shine-Dalgarno sequence


  This is a consensus sequence in prokaryotes that is located upstream of the start codon and guides the small ribosomal subunit to it by being complementary to a sequence in rRNA
• IF1


  Prokaryotic initiation factor that helps with the attachment to mRNA
• IF2


  Prokaryotic initiation factor that is a GTP-binding protein that is required for attachment of the first tRNA
• IF3


  Prokaryotic initiation factor that prevents premature attachment of the large ribosomal subunit
• eIF4E


  Eukaryotic initiation factor that binds to the 5' cap of mRNA to make sure they are processed
• eIF4G


  Eukaryotic initiation factor that binds to poly(A)binding protein to connect the 3' and 5' ends of a mRNA and make a circular message ready for translation
• eIF4A


  Eukaryotic initiation factor that has helicase activity to unwind any double stranded regions in mRNA
• Kozak sequence


  Consensus sequence in eukaryotic mRNA that signals where tRNA and IFs should bind to find the AUG codon