W8

• Pluripotent


  Cell that can produce all cell types in the body like embryonic stem cells
• Multipotent


  Cell that can produce a related group of cells like hematopoietic stem cells that can produce red and white blood cells
• Unipotent


  Cell that can only produce cells of their own type, but have the property of self-renewal required that makes them a stem cell like muscle stem cells
• Commitment


  The gradual process of restricting cell fate
• Stem cells: All cells differentiate from this type
• Genomic equivalence


  The theory that all somatic cells have the same genes that are differentially expressed
• In situ hybridization


  Experiment in which labeled probe base pairs with target mRNA so you can detect where it is expressed
• Cloning is the most powerful evidence that all somatic cells have same DNA
• Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis


  Technique that separates proteins by charge and mass
• RNASeq


  Sequencing technique that allows us to see all RNA in a specific cell by isolating RNA, reverse transcribing it, and then sequencing it
• Transcriptome


  Everything that is transcribed in a particular cell
• Constitutive expression


  Gene expression that occurs in all cells at all times
• Heatmaps


  Visual representation of the expression of genes in different transcriptomes or proteomes
• Cis-regulatory elements


  Consensus sequences on chromosomes that proteins can non-covalently bind to on the same chromosome as the gene whose expression they regulate
• Trans-regulatory elements


  Expressed proteins and RNA that can bind to cis-regulatory elements to regulate gene expression
• Mediator complex


  A large cluster of transcription regulation proteins
• Transcription factors


  Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and influence transcription
• Dimerization


  The property of proteins that allows less proteins to regulate the transcription of more genes by changing the combinations of consensus sequences they bind to
• ChIPSeq


  The technique that is used to do genome-wide analysis of binding locations/sequences for a particular protein
• Promoters


  Cis-regulatory element that is a sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase can bind to initiate transcription
• Enhancers


  Cis-regulatory element that is a Sequences of DNA that impact how much gene product is made from a promoter
• Trans-regulatory elements


  This regulatory component is the one that varies from cell type to cell type to affect gene expression
• Reporter gene


  Genes that can be visually observed to study gene expression
• Silencers


  DNA regulatory elements that can prevent promoter use and inhibit transcription
• Activators


  Proteins that bind to enhancer elements
• Repressors


  Proteins that bind to silencer DNA elements
• Co-activators


  Proteins that interact with activators to mediate activation
• Co-repressors


  Proteins that interact with repressors to mediate silencing
• lncRNA is an exception to the idea that trans-regulatory elements are expressed because these are expressed but also sometimes only used on cis chromosomes
• Insulators and barriers


  Sequences of DNA that limit the spread of expression regulation
• CTCF Insulator


  Binding protein that creates active or inactive looped domains
• Operator


  Cis-regulatory element that is shared by several genes in one operon
• Tryptophan repressor


  Transcription regulation factor that acts as its own repressor
• Lac operon


  Operon with 2 regulators
• cAMP


  Protein the promotes lactose metabolizing gene expression and is produced more when glucose is low and lactose is high
• Lac repressor


  Protein that represses lactose metabolizing gene expression when lactose is not present