CM 1 & 2

• Inquiry - A seeking for truth information or knowledge through interrogation
• Research - Discovering something through a formal and systematic study or observation
• What to look for / Research process:

  ➢ New Ideas

  ➢ Improve certain processes

  ➢ Create something useful out of the odds

  ➢ Explain a series of observation

  ➢ Look at something from a different perspective using a new investigative lens
• What are the functions of research?

  1. Exploration: It focuses on providing a foundation for future studies

  2. Description: It aims to give additional information on newly discovered ideas

  3. Explanation: It discovers why new ideas came into existence through connecting ideas.
• What are the sources of research?

  Model –> Hypothesis –> Theory –> Law
• What are the steps in Thomas Kuhn paradigm Shift?

  Paradigm –> Experimentation, Research, Analysis –> Discovery of Anomalies –> Reconcile Anomalies –> REPEAT
• What are the 3 Major Principles of Research?

  • It aims to support an already existing study
  • To debunk a research study
  • To innovate or create something out of scratch
• What is the purpose of research?

  It improves the quality of life. Discovering and verifying facts.

  As well as

  1. verification of existing knowledge;

  2. acquisition of new knowledge;

  3. application of new knowledge; and

  4. advancement of the researcher’s expertise
• What are the characteristics of good research?

  1. Empirical or Experiential
  2. Logical or Deductive
  3. Cyclical or Moving in Cycle
  4. Analytical or Coherent
  5. Critical or Fault Finding
  6. Methodical or Systematic
  7. Replicable or Duplicated
• Empirical or Experiential - Those derived from actual observations of a phenomenon of both the respondents and the researchers. It is unbiased and Objective
• Logical or Deductive - It is based on valid, definite principles, framework, and procedures to search for answers to a specific research question.
• Cyclical or Moving in Cycles - When one research question is resolved, new ones might come up. It is a continuous discovery. It starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
• Analytical or Coherent - Obtained data must be analyzed to elicit the desired meaning based on the conducted study and investigation. It will allow us to come up with a conclusion through the use of proper analysis of the data that we are trying to analyze.
• Critical or Fault Finding - Exhibits careful and precise processing of ideas and judgment. The research must be credible, finding gaps in the research
• Methodical or Systematic - When researching, you must be able to find the most appropriate method and research design for your study to come up with a valid result. Orderly and sequential method
• Replicable or Duplicated - All conducted procedures must be written clearly and chronologically for the paper to be replicated by future researchers. Repeated to verify valid, reliable, and consistent results
• What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

  Qualitative - gains insights into the prevailing trends. Interpretative and contextualized. Subjective

  Quantitative - Expresses data in terms of numerical value gathered from the respondents. Objective. No open-ended questions
• What are the steps in the research process?

  Step 1: Identifying and Defining the Research Problem

  Step 2: Review the Literature

  Step 3: Formulating Hypothesis and Designing the Study

  Step 4: Planning the Research Design

  Step 5: Collecting and Organizing Data

  Step 6: Analyzing Data and Testing Hypothesis

  Step 7: Interpreting Data

  Step 8: Reporting Research Finding
• What are the 5 phases of the research process?

  1. Conceptualization phase
  2. The designing phase
  3. Empirical phase
  4. Analysis phase
  5. Dissemination phase
• Conceptualization phase - Researchers try to intellectualize the topic and present a concrete problem. Looking for conflict or gaps in the existing literature and formulating a hypothesis and statement of the problem
• The designing phase - Plans the methods of the study and techniques to investigate and solve the problem
• Empirical phase - Implementing the methodology that was planned. Involves data gathering procedure and ethical compliance
• Analysis phase - Formulate the findings of the study and interpretations based on the data gathered
• Dissemination phase - Presents the results/findings of the study.

  *Then go back to the first phase because other researchers may find gaps in the research paper*
• The Research Topic - A topic is researchable if the knowledge and information about it is supported by evidence that is observable, factual, and logical.
• What are the Kinds of Research According to their Purpose?

  1. Descriptive Research
  2. Correlational Research
  3. Exploratory Research
  4. Explanatory Research
  5. Action Research
• Descriptive Research - This aims to define or provide a verbal representation or picture of a person, thing, event, group, situation, and so on.
• Correlational Research - It depicts the connections or relationships between two variables, which are factors, circumstances, or agents.
• Exploratory Research - Its goal is to determine how reasonable or feasible it is to conduct a research study on a specific topic. It allows you to discover ideas on a specific topic that may pique your interest in conducting research studies.
• Explanatory Research - It elaborates or explains not only the reasons for the two factors relationship but also how such a relationship exists.
• Action Research - This is an ongoing practice of a school, organization, community, or institution to solve an immediate or progressive problem that will initiate system improvements.
• What are the Guidelines for Choosing a Research Topic?

  1. Interest in the subject matter
  2. Availability of information
  3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic
  4. Limitations on the subject
  5. Personal resources
• What are the research topics to avoid?

  1. Controversial topics
  2. Highly technical subjects
  3. Hard-to-investigate subjects
  4. Too broad subjects
  5. Too narrow subjects
• What are the characteristics of the research title?

  1. Summarize the main idea/s of your study
  2. Is the part of the paper that's read first and read most
  3. Captures the reader’s attention at the research problem being investigated
  4. Differentiates the paper from other papers on the same subject and predicts content
  5. Contains keywords that will make it easy to access by a computer search
• How to write a research title?

  1. Ask yourself these questions and make note of the answers (What is my paper about, What techniques/designs will be used, Who/What will be studied, Where is the setting of the study, When is the period or duration of the study)
  2. Use your answers to list keywords.
  3. Create a sentence that indicates the keywords you listed.
  4. Delete all unnecessary/repetitive words and link the remaining.
  5. Delete non-essential information and reword the title
• The 4 steps in formulating your research questions?


  1. Choose a topic
  2. Narrow the topic
  3. Ask some questions
  4. Focus on the question