science

• Avogadro's Law


  The relationship of the number of moles in gas is proportional to the volume in which they are occupied
• The more gas in the balloon

  The larger the volume of the balloon
• Amedeo Avogadro


  The proponent of the Avogadro's Law
• Ideal Gas Law


  An equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas
• The product of the pressure and the volume of one gram molecule of an ideal gas is equal to the product of the absolute temperature of the gas and the universal gas constant
• The pressure, temperature, and volume of a gas are related to each other
• The ideal gas law does not apply to liquids
• The ideal gas law satisfies all the assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory
• Benoit Paul Emile Clapeyron


  Derived the ideal gas law
• Clapeyron stated the ideal gas law in 1834 as a combination of the empirical Charles's Law, Boyle's Law, Avogadro's Law, Avogadro's Law, And Gay-Lussac's Law
• R


  Ideal gas constant (8.31 J/K.mol or 0.082 L.atm/K.mol)
• Pressure can be in pascals (Pa) or atmospheres (atm), volume in m3 or liters (L), and temperature in Kelvin (K)
• Organic molecules


  Carbon-based molecules
• Inorganic molecules


  Non-carbon-based molecules — water, oxygen, and ammonia
• Carbon


  Has 4 electrons in the outer shell and can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms
• Carbohydrates


  Provide fuel and building material, the primary energy source of the body, made up of sugar molecules
• Monosaccharides


  Sugars that contain one sugar unit or monomer (simple sugar)
• Glucose


  The simplest carbohydrate, produced by plants through photosynthesis, crystalline white solids at room temperature with an aldo or keto group
• Aldoses


  Monosaccharides with an aldo group
• Ketoses


  Monosaccharides with a keto group
• Disaccharides


  "Double sugars" produced in dehydration reaction from two monosaccharides
• Sucrose


  The most common disaccharide, table sugar formed by linking glucose and fructose
• Lactose


  Milk sugar made up of glucose and galactose
• Maltose


  Made up of two glucose units
• Polysaccharides


  Long chains of monosaccharide units
• Starch


  • Found in plant cells, glucose storage molecule
• Glycogen


  • Found in animal cells, glucose storage abundant in muscle and liver
• Cellulose


  • Used by plant cells for building material, makes up cell walls, not digestible by humans
• Excess carbohydrate intake places a large metabolic load on the body, leading to weight gain, poor metabolic health and increased risk of heart disease
• Lipids


  Include fats and steroids, commonly known as fats and oils, are hydrophobic and do not mix with water
• Triglycerides


  The simplest fats, a chain of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
• Functions of lipids


  • Act as a boundary, circulate as chemical signals/hormones, store energy, cushion and insulate the body
• Fatty acids


  Long hydrophobic, nonpolar hydrocarbon "tail", and a hydrophilic polar carboxylic acid functional group at the "head"
• Saturated fats


  All carbon atoms in fatty acid chains contain only single bonds, include animal fats, solids at room temperature, have higher melting points
• Unsaturated fats


  Have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in fatty acid chains, found in fruits, vegetables, fish, oils, liquids at room temperature
• Trans fats


  Formed through hydrogenation, making liquid oils more solid, unhealthy
• Steroids


  The carbon skeleton forms four fused rings, classified as lipids, some act as chemical signals/hormones, some form structural components like cholesterol
• Cholesterol


  The most abundant steroid in animal tissues, present in meat/dairy/seafood, an essential molecule in cell membranes, serves as base for other steroids, linked to cardiovascular disease
• Triacylglycerols


  The most abundant class of lipids in plants and animals, stored forms of energy produced by esterification of 3 fatty acids to glycerol
• Triglycerides


  Constitute about 90% of total lipid consumption, major lipids found in blood along with cholesterol