Literary

• Ancient Period - Literature created in the ancient period ( eight hundred BC to five hundred AD) was mostly influenced by Greco-Roman culture, which became the basis for the Western literature that we know today.
• FAMOUS EUROPEAN WRITERS

  • • Aesop
  • • Plato
  • • Socrates
  • • Aristotle 
  • • Sophocles
  • • Horace
  • • Virgil
  • • Ovid
• • Medieval Period marked the emergence of three dominant cultures: Christianity, Islam and Germanic Invaders 
• • Beowulf - An epic in the tradition of Germanic Heroic Legend consisting of three thousand one hundred eighty two alliterative lines
• • • The emergence of Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment became the foundation of seeing literature in an intellectual perspective 
• • Paradise Lost by John Milton: it is considered to be Milton’s masterpiece, and it helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest english poets of his time
• • Romanticism is a literary movement against the aristocratic culture that started in the late eighteenth century. It uplifts the characters from humble background 
• • Modernism period was marked by sudden changes in man;s perspective of the world 
• • postmodernism 1965-present shows a crisis of identity of the human being in ethnicity and sexuality.
• • St. Bede or Venerable Bede was a monk who wrote the ecclesiastical history of England 
• • Alfred the Great was the “Father of the English (Old English) Language. The first Anglo-Saxon king who unified the Anglo-Saxons 
• • in 1066, in the battle of Hastings, William the Duke of Normandy defeated Anglo-Saxon king Harld Godwinson
• Middle English - this period are devoted to some aspect of religion. They are both religious and secular in nature. Examples of these were stories of the saints’ lives, miracle plays, and sermons.
• “The Canterbury Tales” is a long poem by Geoffrey Chaucer about a collection of stories by 31 pilgrims who went to see St. Thomas Becket’s shrine in Canterbury Cathedral
• Reigned from 1558 to 1603. she was considered the patroness of literature in the United Kingdom. The literary works during her time were called Elizabethan Literature. 
• Edmund Spenser is an English poet who wrote the

  poem The Faerie Queene, which is also known as one of

  the greatest poems in English language. The

  Spenserian stanza is also named after him
• Christoper Marlowe - was a poet and playwright who established the use of blank verse in his poems. His works include the poem of “The passionate shepherd to his love” and the play “The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.
• William Shakespeare - is known to be the greatest dramatist of all time. A pet, dramatist, & actor who performed his play in a small theater troupe during his time. His works were said to be relevant and relatable to the audiences until the present time and known for his plays “Romeo and Juliet” “The Merchant of Venice”, and his sonnets.
• Romanticism, which was considered to have taken place from 1770 to 1830 was a reaction against the industrial revolution. 
• Emma by Jane Austen 

  • • a novel about a “self-proclaimed matchermaker,” Emma Woodhouse, who is responsible for the love match between her friends ad male characters in the story. 
• Victorian Period 

  • • Started in the reign of Queen Victoria, which lasted from 1837 - 1901, It was characterized by a declined in religious belief and novelists writing about the hopeless status of humanity. 
• • A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens 
  • unabashedly presents the truth about revolution and poverty and shows how poor people thrive in a tough world. 
• 20th Century Literature was a response to the restrictions of Victoria Literature sinc edward VII’s ascension to the throne a free and uninhibited era for literature began.
• The United States of America is reffered to by may as te “El Dorado” or the Land of Opportunity
• John Winthrop  a Puritan wh influenced the government and religious of other colonies through his writings. 
• Edward Winslow 

  • • wrote several works that were massive value to the historian of the Plymouth colony.
• Anne Bradstreet

  • • one of the first poets to write englihs verse in the american colonies.
• Edward Taylor

  • • one of the foremost poets of colonial British North America.
• The Revolutionary Period in America

  • • The literaure of this period was political in tone because it was seem as an avenue by the American writers to express their protest against th British Empire.
• The American Renaissance period is regarded as the “Golden Era” of American Literature because writers showed the spirit of liberation in their works. 
• Transcendentalists 

  • • They believed that knowledge could be obtained through intuition and contemplation of inner spirits and not merely through the senses. 
• Dark Romantics 

  • • They explored mankind’s darker side through writing subjets that are grotesque, gothic and extremely melancholic. They also explored the conflict between good and evil in their literary works 
• Samuel Langhome Clemens

  • • who is more widely known by his psuedonym Mark Twain, is regarded as the father of realism  
• The popularity of Latin American Literature can be attributed to the uprising of “magic realism” (a type of literary & art genre that portrays a realistic narrative combined with fantasy. or magical elements) 
• Pre-Colombian Period 

  • • this comprises the oral literature of Latin America, particularly those that came from the Aztec and Mayan civilizations before the European conquest. 
• Most of the works in the 19th century tarfetedd the dichotomy of “civilization and barbarism,” as th European conquers introduced the otion of industrialization, which clashed with the antiquatedd and tribal practices of indegenous people. 

  • • Juan Leon Mera
  • • Jorge Isaac
  • • Domingo Sarmiento 
• Resistance 

  • • periodd of Latin America Literature is the “awakening” moment in the society. due to the spirit of liberation that shaped the ninetheenth century, numeros writers. fleshed out ideas of revolution, nationalism, and freedom. 
• The one of the most prominent modernist writers was Ruben Dario
• this African civilization sprang in the lands beside the Nile River.
• Polyrhythmic - featured complex, interlocking, and contrassting rhythms that are achieved by striking bells, clapping hands, beating drums, and stomping feet.