SIKP

• Enriquez was critical of the approach to the study of Filipino values
• Enriquez encouraged Filipino scholars to take a second look at these values using a Filipino orientation
• Social scientists such as Lagmay, Salazar, and Bonifacio took up the challenge in their own research
• Bahala na


  The Filipino cultural value with no exact English translation
• Bahala na


  • Not fatalism or leaving everything to God
  • Determination and risk-taking
• When Filipinos say "Bahala na!" they are telling themselves they are ready to face the difficult situation and will do their best to achieve their objectives
• Filipinos have probably done their best to prepare for the forthcoming situation even before saying "Bahala na!"
• Hiya


  The uncomfortable feeling that accompanies awareness of being in a socially unacceptable position, or performing a socially unacceptable action
• The conventional interpretation of hiya as "shame" is inadequate
• Hiya


  • Has different meanings depending on the affixes used
  • Can be positive or negative depending on the context
• Utang na loob


  Gratitude/solidarity, not necessarily a burden
• Pakikisama


  Maintaining smooth interpersonal relations by going along with the group or majority decision
• Pakikipagkapwa


  Treating the other person as kapwa or fellow human being
• Categories of kapwa


  • Ibang-Tao (outsider)
  • Hindi-Ibang-Tao ("one-of-us")
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino perspective


  • Designated colonial/accommodative surface values (hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama) and confrontative surface values (bahala na, sama/lakas ng loob, pakikibaka)
  • Kapwa (shared identity) as core value, pakikiramdam (shared inner perception) as pivotal interpersonal value, and kagandahang-loob (shared humanity) as linking socio-personal value
• The Filipino is a blend of East and West, with the internal aspect being more Asian
• Indirect communication


  Propensity for sensitivity to non-verbal cues, concern for others' feelings, and truthfulness without hurting others
• Pakikiramdam


  Shared feeling, a kind of "emotional a priori" involving hesitation to react, attention to subtle cues, and non-verbal behavior in mental role-playing
• Indirectness


  Filipinos' pattern of communication, resulting in euphemisms, expressive body language, voice intonations that say more than the words themselves
• Indirectness, such as not saying 'no' outright, has often been misinterpreted to mean untruthfulness, dishonesty or hypocrisy
• To Filipinos, they are being frank about their feelings, but they just do not express this verbally
• It poses a great challenge for non-Filipinos to 'read' these messages communicated indirectly or non-verbally
• Puri


  Honor which is physical, such as that bestowed through compliments or applause for a good performance, thus external
• Dangal

  Honor from within, knowledge of one's true worth, character, achievement and success
• A poor person who is a kind and honest person and respects the dignity of hard work has a lot of dangal
• A woman who was raped is not stripped of her dangal even though her puri was taken away
• Examples of internality-externality

  • Saya and ligaya for 'happiness'
  • Pigil and timpi for 'control'
  • Dama and damdam for 'feel'
• The internal-external dimension is not unique to Filipinos, but researchers should be conscious of it when trying to understand the Filipino personality
• Great cultural divide in the analysis of Filipino personality


  • On one side are Filipinos who have maintained a more mass-oriented worldview, culture, and way of life
  • On the other side are Filipinos who have adhered to a more elitist viewpoint
• The concept of a great cultural divide is a legacy which Enriquez has left behind, food for serious thought, for both academician and layman alike
• Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP)


  Measure of Character and Personality, developed by Enriquez and PPRH in 1975, utilizing dimensions of personality relevant to Filipinos
• Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP)


  • 16 dimensions including Pagka Responsable, Pagkamalikhain, Pagkamasipag, Pakikipagsapalaran
  • 200-item inventory
  • Reliability: .94
  • Validity: .10 to .33
• Pakapa-kapa


  Gradual exploration and discovery of a concept, involving immersion in the community, small group discussions, and avoiding extraneous variables
• Pagtatanong-tanong


  • Asking questions, with 7 aspects: purpose, question characteristics, location, opportunity, time, people to ask, and procedure
  • Effective communication is key to good interpersonal relations
  • Researcher gauges whether to continue or not based on observation and empathy
• The presuppositionless approach of indigenous research methods results in putting aside 'universal' concepts of psychology, leading to discovering cultural particularities and enabling more creativity in tools and database
• Discovery and Identification of Concepts

  Putting aside, even if only momentarily, so called "universal" concepts of psychology
• Presuppositionless approach


  • Leads to discovering cultural particularities
  • Enables Filipino psychologists to be more creative in his tool and database
  • Not hampered by the use of procedures which may be locally irrelevant or difficult
• Ang Pagtatanung-Tanong: Katangian


  • Layunin
  • Mga katangian ng pagtatanong-tanong
  • Pook
  • Pagkakataon
  • Panahon
  • Mga taong pagtatanungan
  • Pamamaraan
• Mabisang pakikipagtalastasan


  Susi tungo sa mabuting pakikipagkapwa
• Pakikipagtalastasan


  1. Pagmamasid at pakikiramdam

  2. Ipinapalagay na ang mananaliksik ay walang nalalaman

  3. Impormal na wika ang gagamitin