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• Surrounding the Pacific Ocean basin is a circular arm of active volcanoes known as the "Pacific Ring of Fire" in which most of the volcanoes in the Philippines are part of. Continental plate activities around this area result to volcanic eruptions and tsunamis in the country
• Hydrometeorological

  A process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage
• Hydrometeorological hazards

  • Typhoon
  • Thunderstorm
  • Flood
  • Flashflood
  • Storm Surge
  • El Niño
  • La Niña
• Tropical cyclone


  An intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain
• PAGASA stated that weather forecast is a scientific estimate of future weather condition, wherein a weather condition is a state of the atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms of the most significant variables. In the Philippines, cloudiness, rainfall and wind are the weather parameters with significant variation, and therefore of interest to the forecast users
• Weather forecasting


  1. Observation

  2. Collection and Transmission of Weather Data

  3. Plotting of Weather Data

  4. Analysis of Weather Maps, Satellite and Radar Imageries and Other Data

  5. Formulation of the Forecast
• Thunderstorm


  A powerful, short-lived weather disturbance, almost always associated with lightning, thunder, dense clouds, heavy rain or hail, and fast, roaring winds. Thunderstorms occur when layers of dry, moist air rise to cooler regions of the atmosphere in a broad, rapid updraft
• Thunderstorm formation


  1. Cumulus Stage

  2. Mature Stage

  3. Dissipating Stage
• Flood


  A high-water stage in which water overflows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land, such as a river inundating its floodplain
• Types of floods


  • Inland flooding
  • Flash floods
  • River flooding
  • Coastal flooding
  • Urban flooding
• Storm surge


  The irregular sea-level rise during tropical cyclone or "bagyo" where powerful winds force the ocean water over the coastal low-lying areas, which can lead to flooding
• El Niño


  A periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific
• La Niña


  Periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific
• El Niño and La Niña are opposite results of ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation), the same phenomenon
• El Niño is caused by a change in wind patterns where the moist air contributes to an oscillation between the colder and warmer waters, resulting in warmer than average ocean temperatures
• El Niño effects on health


  • Diseases related to water scarcity or shortage such as diarrhea and skin diseases
  • Red Tide Blooms : Paralytic shellfish poisoning
  • Disorders associated with high temperatures: heat cramps, heat exhaustion, exertional heat injury and heat stroke
• La Niña effects on health


  • Disease related to contaminated water due to flooding, such as acute gastroenteritis, typhoid fever, cholera and hepatitis A
  • Disease related to wading in floodwaters contaminated with urine of infected animals, such as leptospirosis
  • Disease brought by mosquitoes, such as dengue and malaria
  • Accidents and injuries such as contusions, lacerations, fractures, electrocution
• Climate and weather-related hazards refer to the direct and indirect effects of observed changes in the frequencies and occurrences of extreme weather/climate events (such as tropical cyclones, droughts, and El Niño and La Niña events)
• Natural hazard


  A natural process or event potentially damaging that result in loss of life or injury, loss of property, socio-economic destruction or environmental degradation
• Rainfall distribution throughout the Philippines varies from one region to another, depending upon the direction of the
• Natural Hazard

  • An extreme event that occurs naturally and causes harm to humans and things that we care about
  • May be categorized as natural and anthropogenic hazards
• Natural Hazards

  • Climate and weather-related hazards (e.g. typhoons, droughts)
  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Tsunamis
• Anthropogenic Hazards

  • Deforestation
  • Mining
  • Climate change
• Hazard Map

  Highlights areas that are affected and/or vulnerable to a particular hazard and help prevent serious damage and deaths
• Modified Coronas Climate Classification

  Shows the monthly rainfall variations in the Philippines
• Rainfall distribution throughout the Philippines varies from one region to another, depending upon the direction of the winds and the location of mountain systems
• PAGASA


  Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
• PAGASA publishes regularly updated color-coded satellite images generated from Himawari-8 that visualize rain distribution in the Philippines
• Provinces in the Philippines highly at risk to tropical depressions, tropical storms, typhoons and super typhoons

  • Cagayan
  • Albay
  • Ifugao
  • Sorsogon
  • Kalinga
  • Ilocos Sur
  • Ilocos Norte
  • Camarines Norte
  • Mountain Province
  • Camarines Sur
  • Northern Samar
  • Catanduanes
  • Apayao
  • Pampanga
  • La Union
  • Nueva Ecija
  • Pangasinan
  • Masbate
  • Tarlac
  • Western Samar
• Philippine Radar Network


  PAGASA operates 10 weather radar stations all over the Philippines in analyzing rainfall from thunderstorms or typhoons
• Rain Gauge


  Tipping bucket type - Funnel collects rain, when it has a certain amount of precipitation, the rain gauge sends electrical signals to the receiver
• Doppler Weather Radar


  Instrument that sends out and reflects electromagnetic signals, detects clouds and can tell the amount of rain they bring with higher resolution
• Locations of Doppler Radars in the Philippines

  • Aparri
  • Baguio
  • Baler
  • Subic
  • Tagaytay
  • Virac
  • Gulian
  • Cebu
  • Hinatuan
  • Tampakan
• Flood Hazard Map


  Tool that determines flood zone areas due to different hazards such as storm, surge waves, sea level
• NOAH


  Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards - Program under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) that advances the use of cutting edge technology and recommends innovative information services in government's disaster prevention and mitigation efforts
• El Niño


  Significant increase in ocean temperature that occurs at irregular intervals ranging from 2-7 years
• La Niña


  Cooling of surface ocean waters, counterpart to El Niño
• Thermometer


  Measures the extent of a given substance's hotness or coldness using the principle of thermal expansion
• Thermograph


  Records air temperature continuously on graphing paper during a period in a given area using digital infrared imaging
• Barometer


  Can tell if good or bad weather is on the way based on atmospheric pressure readings