GNED 08 - TABERNA

• Socrates


  • Every man is composed of body and soul
  • To know yourself - to bring his inner self to life
  • "the man who does not follow good fails to do so because he does not recognize it"
  • VIRTUE is the deepest and most basic propensity of man
  • SELF-KNOWLEDGE is a source of all wisdom
• Plato


  • Man is also a double nature of body and soul
  • Three components of the soul: the rational soul, the spirit and soul, and the repetitive soul.
  • Man - omniscient or all knowing
  • Contemplation - allows man to regain perfections
  • Happiness - fruit of virtue; attained by constant imitation of the divine exemplar of virtue
• St. Augustine


  • Man is of a bifurcated nature
  • It is by the illumination of God, by "divine light", that we can knowledge
  • "only some divinity can show man what is true
• St. Thomas Aquinas


  • Man is composed of matter and form
  • Theory of self-knowledge - all our self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world.
  • argues that our awareness of ourselves is triggered and shaped by our experiences of objects in our environments.
• Rene Descartes


  Man is actually a thinking entity distinct from the body
• David Hume


  • Man has no clear and intelligible idea of the self
  • Self - bundle or collection of different perceptions which succeed each other
  • Impressions - basic objects of our experience or sensation
  • Ideas - copies of impressions
• Immanuel Kant


  Man is the only creature who governs and directs himself and his actions
• Gilbert Ryle


  • Summarizes the essential elements of the dualistic view of the self
  • The "self" is not an entity one can locate and analyze, but simply the convenient name that people use to refer to all behaviors that people make
• Maurice Merleau-Ponty


  • The division between the mind and the body is a product of confused thinking
  • the mind and the body are so intertwined that they could not be separated from one another
• What Is Self?

  • SEPARATE means that the self is distinct from other selves the other sounds the self is always UNIQUE and has its own identity
  • SELF-CONTAINED and INDEPENDENT because in itself it can exist its distinctness allows it to be self-contained with its own thoughts characteristics and volition
  • CONSISTENT meaning that a particular self substrates characteristics tendencies and potentialities are more or less the same
  • UNITARY in that is the center of all experiences and thoughts that run through a certain person
  • PRIVATE means that each person sorts out information feelings and emotions and thought processes within the self this whole process is never accessible to anyone but the self
• The Self and Culture


  • According to Marcel Mauss, every SELF has two faces: Moi refers to a person's sense of who he is, his body, and his basic identity, his biological givenness
  • Personne is composed of the social concepts of what it means to be who he is
  • Language is another interesting aspect of this social constructivism; it is a salient part of culture and ultimately, has a tremendous effect in our crafting of the self
  • If a self is born into a particular society or culture, the self will have to adjust according to its exposure
• William James


  • Self = I + Me
  • I - thinking, acting, feeling
  • Me- physical characteristics and psychological capabilities
• Carl Rogers


  • Theory of Personality
  • I- the one who acts and decides
  • Me - what you think or feel about yourself as an object
  • Self - Schema
• Sigmund Freud


  • Id - Instincts
  • Ego – Reality
  • Superego - Morality
• George Herbert Mead


  • Theory of Symbolic Interactionism
  • Self is created and developed through human interaction
  • Self and identity are social products because Society helps in creating the foundations of who we are
  • We Actually need others to affirm and reinforce who we think we are and need them as reference points about our identity
  • What we think is important to us may have been influenced by what is important in our social and historical context
• Self – Awareness


  • When we are aware of our self-concepts.
  • Private Self - our internal standards and private thoughts and feelings.
  • Public Self- our public image commonly geared toward having a good presentation of yourself to others.
  • Positive Self – Awareness.
  • Negative Self – Awareness.
  • Actual Self - who we are at the moment.
  • Ideal Self - who you like to be.
  • Ought Self - who you think you should be.
• Social Comparison Theory


  • We learn about ourselves, the appropriateness our behaviors, as well as our social status by comparing aspects of ourselves with other people
  • Downward Social Comparison - we create a positive self-concept by comparing ourselves with those who are worse off than us
  • Upward Social Comparison - comparing ourselves with those who are better off than us
• Self Evaluation Maintenance Theory


  • We can feel threatened when someone out-performs us, especially when that person is close to us
  • We usually react by distancing ourself from that person or redefining our relationship with them, reconsidering the importance of aspect or skill in which we were outperformed, or strengthening our resolve to improve that certain aspect of ourselves
• Narcissism


  • A trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self -admiration, and self-centeredness
  • Although self esteem is a very important concept related to the self, studies have shown that it only has correlation, not causality, to positive outputs and outlooks
  • It can be argued that high or healthy self esteem may result to an overall good personality, but it is not and should not be the only source of a person's healthy perspective of him/herself