ABPSYCH

• Criteria for Abnormality


  • Dysfunction
  • Distress and/or Impairment
  • Deviance
  • Danger
  • Duration
• "Dysfunction, Distress and/or Impairment and Deviance are the only three requirement of Abnormal Behavior"
• The study of psychological disorder, treatments, Scientists practitioners, Mental health professional


  Psychopathology
• Signs; Symptoms


  • Observe by doctor
  • Observe by client
  • Clinical description of abnormality
• Presenting Problem


  Reason for referral
• Prevalence


  Total number of cases in a given population
• Incidence


  New cases in a specific period
• Sex ratio


  Percentage of male and female na makadevelop ng sakit
• Course of disorder


  • Chronic (for life time)
  • Episodic (recurring)
  • Time-limited (can recover even w/out treatment)
• Onset of disorder


  • Acute (begin suddenly)
  • Insidious (begin gradually over an extended period of time)
• Prognosis


  Anticipated course of disorder, Good (malaki yung chance na makarecover), Guarded (not good outcome, poor progress)
• Etiology


  Underlying reason, risk factor na nagttrigger sa sakit
• Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior

  • Supernatural
  • Biological
  • Psychological
• Supernatural Tradition


  • Battle between good and evil, All physical and mental disorders were considered the work of the devil
• Treatments in Supernatural Tradition

  • Exorcism, Shaving a sign of the cross to the head and bringing them near the church, Trepanion and incantation
• Stress and Melancholy


  Insanity was a natural phenomenon, caused by mental or emotional stress, and that it was curable
• Symptoms of Stress and Melancholy


  • Despair and lethargy (sin of acedia or sloth)
• Treatments for Stress and Melancholy

  • Rest, sleep, and a healthy environment, Bath, ointment and various potions
• Nicholas Oresme


  The disease of melancholy (depression) was the source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons
• Treatments for Possession


  • Faith healing, Confinement, Beatings (other kind of torture), Hanging people over a pit full of poisonous snakes might scare the evil spirits, Dunking in ice-cold water
• Paracelsus


  Rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the mood and stars had profound effect on people's psychological functioning
• Lunatic


  Latin word of luna which means moon
• Biological Tradition


  • Hippocrates suggested that psychological disorder could be treated like any other disease, Galen developed Hippocrates' ideas further
• Humoral Theory of Disorder

  Psychological functioning is based on the four bodily fluids or humors and imbalance of the humors causes psychological disorders
• Four Humors


  • Blood (heart)
  • Yellow bile (liver)
  • Black bile (spleen)
  • Phlegm (brain)
• Four Basic Qualities


  • Heat
  • Dryness
  • Moistures
  • Cold
• Four Temperaments


  • Sanguine
  • Melancholic
  • Phlegmatic
  • Choleric
• Treatments in Biological Tradition

  • Bleeding/bloodletting (often with leeches), Induced vomitting
• Hysteria


  Concept from the Egyptians, primarily occurred on women, occurs due to the "wandering uterus"
• China


  Focused on the movement of air or wind throughout the body, Mental disorders are caused by blockage of wind or presence of yin
• Syphilis


  A sexually transmitted disease that can induce psychotic symptoms, General paresis - patients with syphilis who deteriorated steadily, became paralyzed and died within 5 years of onset
• Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory


  Facilitated the discovery of the cause of syphilis, People discovered that the cure for general paresis is by contracting malaria
• John P. Grey


  Suggested the causes of insanity is always physical so they should be treated as physically ill
• Physical Interventions in 1930s

  • Electric shock
  • Brain surgery
• Insulin Shock Therapy


  Used of higher dosage of insulin until patients convulsed and recovered their mental health
• Benjamin Franklin


  Discovered that a mild and modes electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia) but otherwise did little harm
• Joseph von Meduna


  Observed that schizophrenia was rarely found in individuals with epilepsy, His followers concluded brain seizures might have cure schizophrenia through injecting campor oil
• Electroconvulsive Therapy


  Developed from Joseph von Meduna's work, Used today
• Drugs Developed in 1950s

  • Opium (derived from poppies)
  • Rauwolfia Serpentine (reserpine) and neuroleptics (major tranquillisers)
  • Benzodiazepines (minor tranquillisers)
  • SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
• Grey and his colleagues

  Despite the development of biological tradition, they concluded that mental disorders are result of an undiscovered brain pathology and are incurable