Pharmacology

• Veins

  are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
• they are formed from smaller vessels called venules which develop from the union of capillaries.

  Veins
• Structure within veins that prevent the backflow of blood

  Valves
• Reasons why veins

  • they have thinner walls, easier to puncture.
  • arteries are thicker, more muscular, to withstand higher pressure
  • Veins stop leaking more quickly after puncture. Arterial punctures are harder to stop bleeding.
  • Veins are redundant. If you block one, the blood can usually be rerouted back to the heart. Arteries are so much less so.
  • And most of the information can be obtained from venous blood.
• Venipuncture the process of puncturing the vein as part of a medical procedure to withdraw blood sample or intravenous fusion.
• 1. Assessment of patient risk versus potential benefit of the contrast assisted examination.
  2. Imaging alternatives that would provide the same or better diagnostic information
  3. Assurance of valid clinical indication for each contrast medium administration.

  Considerations :
• Documenting contrast administration and patient complications is necessary to ensure patient safety.
• Required documentation includes the contrast agent name and dose amount, along with the date, time and method of administration. The injection site and number of attempts must also be recorded. Some contrast packaging comes with peel-off labels that can be applied directly to a patient’s record.
• Functions of Peripheral Circulation

  1. Carry blood
  2. exchange nutrients, waste products and gases
  3. transport
  4. regulate blood flow
  5. direct blood flow
• The primary function of the vascular system is

  to provide cells with vital products and to remove waste products from them
• Three major types of blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body:

  1. Arteries
  2. capillaries
  3. veins
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues and cells of the body.
• Blood flow from arterioles into capillaries, where exchange occurs between the blood and tissue fluid
• Capillaries have thinner walls. Blood flows through them more slowly. From capillaries, blood flow into veins.
• Veins are blood vessels that carry unoxygenated blood toward the heart.
• 3 Layers of Blood Vessels (except for capillaries and venules)

  1. Tunica intima - consists of endothelium, basement membrane, and connective tissues.
  2. Tunica media - the middle layer; contains circular smooth muscles and elastic fibers.
  3. Tunica adventitia - composed of connective tissues
• elastic, muscular tubes through which blood flows from the heart to the capillaries

  Arteries
• Types of arteries

  1. Elastic arteries
  2. muscular arteries
  3. arterioles
• The largest diameter arteries and have the thickest walls

  elastic arteries
• Regulate blood flow to the different regions of the body.

  Muscular arteries
• Medium-sized arteries are frequently called distributing arteries because the smooth muscle tissue enables these vessels to control blood flow through different regions of the body.
• Blood vessels of the systemic circulation

  1. Superior vena cava
  2. brachiocephalic veins
  3. inferior vena cava
• Returns blood from the head, neck, thorax, and upper limbs to the right atrium of the heart

  Superior vena cava
• Returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and the lower limbs to the right atrium of the heart

  Inferior vena cava
• Joins to form superior vena cava

  Brachiocephalic veins
• Veins of the head, neck, and right superficial aspect

  • opthalmic vein
  • superficial temporal vein
  • facial vein
  • occipital vein
  • posterior auricular vein
  • external jugular vein
  • vertebral vein
  • internal jugular vein
  • superior and middle thyroid veins
  • brachiocephalic veins
  • subclavian vein
  • superior vena cava
• It is the position of the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) that,

  absent specific protocols, the parenteral injection of contrast media and other medications by radiologic technologists be performed only when a licensed independent practitioner or radiologist where required, is immediately available to ensure proper diagnosing of and treatment for possible allergic reaction.
• also referred to as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are infections acquired during the process of receiving care that was not present during the time of admission.

  Nosocomial Infection
• Causes of nosocomial infections

  1. urinary catheters
  2. breathing machines
  3. central lines
  4. not cleaning properly before surgery
• These are tubes inserted through your urethra into your bladder. It can be helpful during surgeries or other treatments when you can't get up to use the bathroom for a long time. Leaving one inserted for too long can cause a bacterial urinary tract infection

  Urinary catheters
• Ventilators are machines that help you breathe by pushing air in and out of your lungs. Bacteria can live inside a ventilator and enter your body. This can cause pneumonia.

  Breathing machines
• is a tube that connects to your neck, chest, arm, or groin to deliver medicine straight into your bloodstream. Germs can pass through the tube and cause dangerous bloodstream infections. These germs can live on medical gloves, on the skin where the tube is inserted, or the external end of the tube.

  Central lines
• List central lines

  1. Jugular
  2. Axillary
  3. Peripherally-inserted central catheter
  4. Midline
  5. femoral
• Surgeries involve cutting into your skin. Harmful germs can enter your body if your skin or hair or the surgical tools aren't completely clean before surgery.

  Not cleaning properly before surgery
• Types of nosocomial infections

  1. bacterial infection
  2. fungal infection
  3. viral infection
• Bacteria are tiny living things that are too small to see. Most aren't harmful, but some can cause serious illness. Bacteria are the most common cause of nosocomial infections. Common bacteria include E. coli and staph


  Bacterial infection
• Fungi are living things, like mushrooms, mold, and yeast. Some fungi can cause harmful contagious infections. The most common fungi that cause nosocomial infections is Aspergillus


  Fungal infection
• Viruses are tiny germs that spread through your body by imitating your natural genetic code. They trick your body into making copie of them, just like the body makes copies of other cells. Viruses can cause. severe sickness.

  Viral infections
• is one that is spread from one person to another through a variety of ways that include: contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten by an insect. Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, cause communicable diseases

  Communicable disease
• variety of ways that a communicable diseases spread

  contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten by an insect.