6 kingdom

• Factors for grouping organisms into kingdoms

  • Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
  • Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)
  • Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)
• Domain: Archaea


  Organisms: Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles, and psychrophiles
• Archaea


  • Cell Type: Prokaryotic
  • Metabolism: Depending on species, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur, or sulfide may be needed for metabolism
  • Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species, nutrition intake may occur through absorption, non-photosynthetic photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis
  • Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission, budding, or fragmentation
• Archaebacteria are ancient bacteria and the extremists
• Finding Archaebacteria


  • The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA, were among the first places Archaebacteria were discovered
• Thermoacidophiles


  Extremophile microorganism that is both thermophilic and acidophilic (it can grow under conditions of high temperature and low pH)
• California's Pink Salt Lakes

  • The pinkish coloration of the water is caused by high concentrations of halophilic archaeabacteria
• Halophiles


  Organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations
• Methanogens


  Can be found in environments that are anaerobic (no oxygen), found in swamps, marshes, or intestinal tracts of some animals and humans
• Domain: Bacteria


  Organisms: Bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), and actinobacteria
• Eubacteria


  • Cell Type: Prokaryotic
  • Metabolism: Depending on species, oxygen may be toxic, tolerated, or needed for metabolism
  • Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species, nutrition intake may occur through absorption, photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis
  • Reproduction: Asexual
• Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom, they are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with
• Eubacteria are classified in their own kingdom because their chemical makeup is different
• Most eubacteria are helpful, some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt, however some can give you strep throat
• Grouping of bacteria


  • Diplo- Pairs
  • Strepto- Chains
  • Staphylo- Clusters
• Domain: Eukarya


  Organisms: Amoebae, green algae, brown algae, diatoms, euglena, and slime molds
• Protista


  • Cell Type: Eukaryotic
  • Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism
  • Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species, nutrition intake may occur through absorption, photosynthesis, or ingestion
  • Reproduction: Mostly asexual, but meiosis occurs in some species
• Protists include all microscopic organisms that are animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like, sometimes they are called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another
• 3 Categories of Protists

  • Animal-like Protists
  • Plant-like Protists
  • Fungus-like Protists

  
• Animal-like Protists (Protozoa)


  • Cells contain a nucleus
  • Cells lack a cell wall
  • They are heterotrophs
  • Most can move on their own
• Types of Animal-like Protists


  • Rhizopods
  • Ciliates
  • Flagellates (Zooflagellates)
  • Sporozoans
• Rhizopods


  • Have pseudopods (extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm used for movement and to capture food)
  • Many have shells that form limestone, marble and chalk
• Ciliates


  Have cilia (tiny hair-like projections used for movement, to gather food and as feelers)
• Flagellates (Zooflagellates)


  • Have a Flagellum (a long whip-like structure used for movement)
  • Many live in animals
  • Symbiosis is a close relationship, at least one benefits
  • Mutualism is when both partners benefit
• Sporozoans


  • All Sporozoans are parasites that feed on cells and body fluids
  • Form from spores (tiny reproductive cells)
  • Pass from one host to another, often from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to humans
• Plant-like Protists (Algae)


  • Unicellular and Multicellular
  • Colonies (groups of unicellular protists)
  • Can move on their own
  • Autotrophs: make their own food from simple materials using light energy (photosynthesis)
  • 70% of the Earth's oxygen is produced by Plant-like Protists
  • Pigments: chemicals that produce color
• Types of Plant-like Protists


  • Euglenoids (Euglenophytes)
  • Diatoms/Bacillariophytes
  • Dinoflagellates
  • Red Algae/Rhodophytes
  • Green Algae/Chlorophytes
  • Brown Algae/Phaeophytes
• Euglenoids (Euglenophytes)


  • Green
  • Unicellular
  • Live in fresh water
  • Autotrophs, but can be heterotrophs under certain conditions
  • Flagella
  • Eyespot: sensitive to light
  • Chloroplasts
  • Pellicle
• Diatoms/Bacillariophytes


  • Unicellular
  • 10,000 living species
  • Aquatic
  • Glass like cell wall
  • Golden algae
  • Make up a large component of phytoplanktons

  
• Dinoflagellates


  • Unicellular
  • Cell walls are like plates of armor
  • Two flagella
  • Spins when it moves
  • Colorful (pigments)
  • Can glow in the dark
  • Causes Red Tide
• Red Algae/Rhodophytes


  • Multicellular seaweeds
  • Live in deep ocean waters
  • Used for ice cream and hair conditioner
  • Used as food in Asia
• Green Algae/Chlorophytes


  • Most are unicellular
  • Some form colonies
  • Few are multicellular
  • Can live in fresh and salt water and on land in damp places
  • Very closely related to green plants
• Brown Algae/Phaeophytes


  • Commonly called seaweed
  • Can contain brown, green, yellow, orange and black pigments
  • Attach to rocks
  • Have air bladders
  • Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long!
  • Used as food thickeners
• Fungus-like Protists


  • Heterotrophs
  • Have cell walls
  • Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives
  • Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds
  • Reproduce with spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism)
• Water Mold & Downy Mildews/Oomycotes


  • Live in water or moist places
  • Tiny threads that look like fuzz
  • Attack food crops
  • Caused the Irish Potato Famine
  • Reproduce by Fruiting Bodies that contain Spores
  • Live on moist shady places
  • Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms
• Domain: Eukarya


  Organisms: Mushrooms, yeast, and molds
• Fungi


  • Cell Type: Eukaryotic
  • Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism
  • Nutrition Acquisition: Absorption
  • Reproduction: Sexual or asexual through spore formation
• Fungi are Earth's decomposers, mushrooms, molds and mildew are all examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi
• Most fungi are multicellular and consist of many complex cells, unlike plants, fungi cannot make their own food, most obtain their food from parts of plants that are decaying in the soil
• Some fungi taste great and others can kill you!