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• The People Power Revolution, also known as the EDSA Revolution or the February Revolution, was a series of popular demonstrations in the Philippines, mostly in Metro Manila, from February 22 to 25, 1986
• There was a sustained campaign of civil resistance against regime violence and electoral fraud
• The nonviolent revolution led to the departure of Ferdinand Marcos, the end of his 20-year dictatorship and the restoration of democracy in the Philippines
• Martial law


  Marcos declared martial law in September 1972 to hold on to his post as the most powerful person in the country
• There were already many protesters to Marcos' regime, including his greatest critic - opposition leader Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.
• Senator Ninoy was assassinated on August 21, 1983, which resulted in a stronger spark of revolution led by his wife
• There were rumors at that time about the failing health of the dictator who was suffering from lupus and underwent regular dialysis, creating turmoil between his allies who began speculating about his successor
• Cardinal Jaime Sin


  • The Archbishop of Manila, spoke out against the assassination and called on millions of Filipinos to oppose Marcos' rule
• Cardinal Ricardo Vidal


  • The Archbishop of Cebu, his moral support and advocacy for non-violence inspired and mobilized people, contributing to the EDSA Revolution's success by fostering a peaceful and unified opposition against the Marcos regime
• Eugenia Apostol


  • The founding chair of the Philippine Daily Inquirer, provided a platform for uncensored reporting, facilitating information dissemination and promoting transparency during the EDSA Revolution in 1986
• Corazon Aquino


  • Her leadership, courage, and popular support as a unifying figurehead galvanized the EDSA Revolution, leading to the ousting of Ferdinand Marcos and the restoration of democracy in the Philippines
• June Keithley-Castro


  • A prominent journalist and broadcaster, provided critical media coverage and facilitated communication during the EDSA Revolution, helping to mobilize public sentiment against the Marcos regime
• Colonel Jose Almonte


  • A key military figure sympathetic to the EDSA Revolution, played a behind-the-scenes role in facilitating military defections, contributing to the movement's success in ousting Marcos
• Agapito "Butz" Aquino


  • A prominent opposition leader and activist, played a vital role in organizing protests, garnering support, and sustaining momentum during the EDSA Revolution
• The EDSA Revolution led to the end of authoritarian rule under Ferdinand Marcos and the restoration of democracy in the Philippines
• The revolution paved the way for the drafting of a new constitution and the establishment of democratic institutions, including free and fair elections
• The end of the Marcos regime brought about improvements in human rights conditions and a decrease in state-sponsored violence and repression
• The Philippines experienced economic growth and stability in the post-revolution years, attracting foreign investment and aiding in the country's development
• The revolution empowered civil society organizations and grassroots movements, fostering a more active and engaged citizenry
• The Philippines gained international recognition for its commitment to democracy and peaceful change, enhancing its standing in the global community
• Press freedom increased, allowing for more open and critical journalism in the country
• Efforts to reconcile political factions and promote national healing were initiated, aiming to mend the deep divisions caused by the revolution
• The EDSA Revolution became an inspiration for non-violent movements worldwide, demonstrating the power of people to effect change through peaceful means
• The Philippines experienced periods of political instability and coup attempts in the years following the EDSA Revolution
• While there was economic growth, economic disparities persisted, and not all segments of society benefited equally
• Corruption remained a significant issue in the Philippines, with some arguing that it continued to hinder progress and development
• Many of the deep-rooted problems that existed before the revolution, such as land reform and poverty, remained largely unresolved
• Some Filipinos became disillusioned with the post-revolution governments, feeling that their high expectations for change were not fully met
• Political dynasties and elite control in Philippine politics continued to be a concern, hindering genuine political reforms
• The country faced ongoing security challenges, including insurgencies and conflicts in various regions
• Many skilled Filipinos emigrated in search of better opportunities abroad, resulting in a "brain drain" that affected the country's workforce
• Ethnic and social divisions persisted, impacting national unity and inclusivity
• Some argue that the legacy of corruption from the Marcos era continued to influence Philippine politics and governance
• Globalization


  The growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information
• Types of globalization


  • Political
  • Social
  • Economic
  • Technological
  • Financial
  • Cultural
  • Ecological
  • Geographical
• Political globalization


  • Diplomatic negotiations between nation-states, including the standardization of global rules around trade, criminality, and the rule of law
• Social globalization


  • The integration of our societies, including the idea that we now live in a shared society and the movement of people
• Economic globalization


  • The ways corporations do business as multinational organizations nowadays, including the development of free trade and multilateral agreements
• Technological globalization


  • The spread of technology around the world, including the internet, solar panel technology, and medical technologies
• Financial globalization


  • The ease at which money can be spread around the world, including the growth of stock exchanges and the internationalization of financial markets