N.I 2

• Information systems (ISs)


  One of the building blocks of informatics
• Healthcare professionals


  Knowledge workers because they deal with and process information on a daily basis to make it meaningful and inform their practice
• Healthcare information concerns and issues

  • Ownership
  • Access
  • Disclosure
  • Exchange
  • Security
  • Privacy
  • Disposal
  • Dissemination
• The widespread implementation of electronic health records (EHRs) has promoted collaboration among public and private sector stakeholders on a wide-ranging variety of healthcare information solutions
• Healthcare information initiatives


  • Health Level Seven International (HL7)
  • Consolidated Health Informatics (CHI)
  • National Health Information Infrastructure (NHII)
  • Nationwide Health Information Network (NHIN)
  • Next Generation Internet (NGI)
  • Internetz
  • iHealth records
• Health information exchange (HIE) systems

  • NHS Connecting for Health
  • Health Initiative
  • Federal Health Information Exchange (FHIE)
  • Indiana Health Information Exchange (HIE)
  • Massachusetts Health Data Consortium (MHDC)
  • Health New England
  • State of New Mexico's Rapid Syndromic Validation Project (RSVP)
  • Southeast Michigan e-Prescribing Initiative
  • Tennessee Volunteer Health Initiative
• HITECH ACT OF 2011 set the 2014 deadline for implementing EHR and provided the impetus for HIE initiatives
• OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL COORDINATOR FOR HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY is responsible for implementing key provisions of the 21st Century Cures Act (to promote interoperability and the access, exchange, and use of EHI and information blocking)
• Data


  Raw facts
• Information


  Processed data that has meaning
• Types of data


  • Alphabetic
  • Numeric
  • Alphanumeric
  • Audio
  • Image
  • Video
• Integrity


  Whole, complete, correct, and consistent
• Ways data integrity can be compromised

  • Human error
  • Viruses
  • Worms
  • Crashes
  • Transmission errors
  • Hackers entering the system
• Information Technology helps to decrease these errors by putting safeguards in place such as error detection for transmission and backing up files on a routine basis
• Characteristics of valuable, quality information

  • Accessibility
  • Security
  • Timeliness
  • Accuracy
  • Relevancy
  • Completeness
  • Flexibility
  • Reliability
  • Objectivity
  • Utility
  • Transparency
  • Verifiability
  • Reproducibility
• Accessibility


  The right users must be able to obtain the right information at the right time and in the right format to meet their needs
• Right users


  Those who are authorized to obtain the data and information
• Security


  A major challenge because unauthorized users must be blocked while at the same time authorized users must have open and easy access
• Timely information


  Available when it is needed for the right purpose and at the right time
• Accurate information


  No errors in the data and information
• Relevant information


  Applicable to the user's needs
• Complete information


  Contains all of the necessary essential data
• Flexible information


  Can be used for a variety of purposes
• Reliable information


  Comes from clean data that are gathered from authoritative and credible sources
• Objective information


  As close to the truth as one can get; it is not subjective nor biased but rather is factual and impartial
• Utility


  Ability to provide the right information at the right time to the right person for the right purpose
• Transparency


  Allows users to apply their intellect to accomplish their tasks while the tools housing the information disappear into the background
• Verifiable information


  One can check to prove that the information is correct
• Reproducibility


  Ability to produce the same information again
• Gesture recognition is increasing, and interfaces that incorporate such technology will change the way people become informed
• Knowledge


  Awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or arrive at a decision
• Knowledge building is an ongoing process engaged in while a person is conscious and going about his or her normal daily activities
• Disciplines that information science integrates features from

  • Cognitive science
  • Communication science
  • Computer science
  • Library science
  • Social science
• Information science


  Primarily concerned with the input, processing, output, and feedback of data and information through technology integration with a focus on comprehending the perspective of the stakeholders involved and then applying IT as needed
• Technological determinism


  The belief that technology develops by its own laws and realizes its own potential, limited only by the material resources available, and that it therefore must be regarded as an autonomous system that controls and ultimately permeates all other subsystems of society
• The determinism theory holds that the universe is utterly rational because complete knowledge of any given situation assures that unerring knowledge of its future is also possible
• Information science


  An interdisciplinary, people-oriented field that explores and enhances the interchange of information to transform society through communication science, computer science, cognitive science, library science, and social science
• Society is dominated by the need for information, and knowledge and information science focuses on systems and individual users by fostering user-centered approaches that enhance society's information capabilities by effectively and efficiently linking people, information, and technology
• Foundation of knowledge model concepts

  • Knowledge acquisition
  • Knowledge processing
  • Knowledge generation
  • Knowledge dissemination
• Characteristics of valuable information

  • Accessible
  • Accurate
  • Timely
  • Complete
  • Cost effective
  • Flexible
  • Reliable
  • Relevant
  • Simple
  • Verifiable
  • Secure