[MIDTERM] PPC

• Popular is characterized as being in line with the majority's taste or flavor, widely accepted, or generating significance from social interaction. It is the overall process of developing one's mind, soul, and artistic abilities. It is a certain way of living for an individual or a group of individuals.
• Culture

  is a system of symbolic and expressive structures that a particular group of people developed and utilized to enhance solidarity, understanding, and transmission of knowledge" (Danesi, 2019)
• Popular Culture


  The collection of customs, ideologies, or beliefs that represent a society's most widely accepted meanings. It encompasses media items, leisure and entertainment, fashion and trends, and language conventions.
• Mass Culture


  Refers to the culture which emerges from the centralized production processes of the mass media (Perry, N., 2007). They are norms, shared meaning and experiences that span very large groups e.g mass society, mass media, commoditization of experience (Spacey, J., 2021)
• Folk Culture

  • traditional Dance
  • Oral Folklore
  • Traditional Clothing and Dress
  • Traditional Ceremonies
• Indigenous Culture


  "Indigenous" comes from the Latin term "indigen," which denotes native or initial occupant—a notion that gained traction in the 17th century. Consequently, the majority of The idea is often understood to imply that they are individuals who are the the original occupants of the area (dlsu.edu.ph, 2022)
• Cultural Preservation


  In order to guarantee the survival of cultural legacy for future generations, both tangible and intangible forms must be protected and safeguarded.
• Cultural Diffusion


  The transfer of social customs and cultural values from one group to another. With the development of enhanced communication, transportation, and technology, there has been a greater blending of world cultures among various ethnicities, religions, and nations.
• Types of Cultural Diffusion

  • Relocation Diffusion
  • Expansion diffusion
• Exile


  A situation in which you are forced to leave your country or home and go to live in a foreign country (Britannica, n.d)
• Exile from Culture


  They are living outside of their culture. Living in exile in addition to previous traumas can lead to isolation, lack of self-esteem, apathy, numbness, depression, and guilt (DeMott, 2007)
• Diaspora Culture


  People of a country who have migrated abroad and keep strong identity ties with their homeland.
• The Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines lasted for over 300 years, creating a profound cultural exchange and leaving a significant imprint on the country's traditions and heritage.
• The Spanish arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, establishing their influence through the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade, which connected Asia, the Americas, and Europe.
• The Spanish introduced Catholicism, converting the majority of the population and making it the dominant religion in the Philippines.
• The Spanish also imposed their language, resulting in a significant linguistic impact on Filipino dialects. Spanish words and phrases were integrated into local languages, with Tagalog, the national language, adopting approximately 20% of its vocabulary from Spanish.
• Spanish colonialism influenced the naming conventions in the Philippines. Spanish surnames were imposed on Filipino families, although some native last names continued to exist. Manila, the capital city, was named by the Spanish and the islands were called "Filipinas" after Prince Philip of Asturias, later known as King Philip II of Spain.
• Impact of Spanish Colonialism in the Philippines

  • Cultural Assimilation
  • Religious Influence
  • Linguistic Impact
  • Naming Conventions
  • Culinary Influences
  • Educational Changes
• Approximately 20% of Tagalog words derive from Spanish. This linguistic impact can be seen in everyday conversations, where Spanish loanwords seamlessly blend with indigenous vocabulary.
• The integration of Spanish words and phrases into Filipino dialects occurred primarily during the Spanish colonial period, which lasted for over 300 years.
• Spanish Words in Filipino Language

  • Baboy (pig)
  • Kutsara (spoon)
  • Silya (chair)
  • Mukha (face)
• The blending of Hispanic and Asian traditions created a rich cultural tapestry in the Philippines, with Filipinos embracing elements of Spanish culture while still maintaining their distinct Asian identity.
• The introduction of Catholicism by the Spanish had a profound impact on Filipino culture and society, making it the dominant religion and deeply ingrained in the Filipino heritage.
• The imposition of Spanish surnames among Filipino families and the establishment of Manila as the capital city reflect the enduring influence of Spanish colonialism on Filipino culture and identity.
• Spanish colonialism had a lasting impact on Filipino cuisine, introducing new ingredients and dishes that are still enjoyed today, such as Adobo and Kare-Kare.
• Spanish colonialism had a lasting impact on Filipino cuisine, introducing new ingredients and dishes that are still enjoyed today
• Adobo


  A marinated meat dish cooked with vinegar, soy sauce, and spices, is a staple in Filipino cuisine. Its name is derived from the Spanish word "adobar," which means to marinate or season
• Kare-Kare


  A savory stew made with oxtail and vegetables in a thick peanut sauce. The use of peanuts in this dish was introduced by the Spanish, who brought the crop to the Philippines from the Americas
• Dishes with Spanish influence

  • Lechon
  • Sinigang
  • Puchero
• The Spanish also brought ingredients such as avocados, coffee, and sausages, which have become integral parts of Filipino cuisine
• The influence of Spanish cuisine on Filipino food is a testament to the cultural assimilation that occurred during the Spanish colonial period
• Spanish colonial rule brought significant changes to the education system in the Philippines, with the establishment of Catholic-run schools and the introduction of new subjects
• Subjects taught in Catholic-run schools

  • Religious Studies
  • Latin
  • Humanities
  • Mathematics
  • Philosophy
  • Theology
  • Music
• The establishment of Catholic-run schools had a profound impact on Filipino society. It provided access to education for many Filipinos, especially those from privileged backgrounds who could afford to attend these schools
• José Rizal, Filipino National Hero: 'The Catholic-run schools in the Philippines served as important institutions for the propagation of the Catholic faith and the preservation of Spanish culture. They played a crucial role in shaping the identities and values of the Filipino people'
• The imposition of Catholicism and the Spanish language marginalized indigenous traditions and languages, contributing to the erosion of native cultures
• Positive effects of Spanish colonialism

  • Integration of Spanish language into Filipino dialects
  • Introduction of Catholicism and the establishment of churches
  • Influence on naming conventions, introducing Spanish surnames
  • Adoption of Spanish cuisine, introducing new foods and flavors
  • Changes in the education system, establishing Catholic-run schools
• Negative effects of Spanish colonialism

  • Cultural assimilation and loss of indigenous traditions
  • Suppression of native religions and spiritual practices
  • Social hierarchy and discrimination based on ancestry
  • Displacement of traditional food practices and ingredients
  • Limitations on indigenous education and cultural preservation
• In 1898, the United States declared war on Spain, ultimately resulting in the Treaty of Paris, in which the Spanish agreed to give up the islands of the Philippines in exchange for $20,000,000
• In 1934, the Tydings/McDuffie Law was passed, making the Philippines commonwealth of the U.S. The United States agreed to give the Philippines 10 years to prepare for their complete independence